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Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

superior - inguinal ligament
lateral - medial border of sartorius
medial - medial border of adductor longus
floor - pectineus, iliopsoas and adductor longus
root - fascia lata

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2
Q

Content of femoral triangle

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral lymph nodes/canal

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3
Q

Content of femoral sheath

A

Femoral artery, vein and canal

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4
Q

Borders of Femoral canal

A

Roof - inguinal ligament
lateral - femoral vein
medial - lacunar ligament
floor - pectineal ligament

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5
Q

Content of femoral canal

A

lymph nodes

femoral hernia

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6
Q

Borders of adductor canal/hunter’s canal

A

Roof - sartorius
Floor - adductor longus and magnus
Lateral - vastus medialis
extends from the apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus

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7
Q

Content of hunter’s canal

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
saphenous nerve

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8
Q

Borders of Popliteal fossa

A 
inferior - 2 heads of gastrocnemius and plantaris
lateral - biceps femoris
medial - semimembranosus
floor - posterior joint capsule
roof - popliteal fascia
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9
Q

Content of popliteal fossa

A 
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve
Popliteal lymph nodes
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10
Q

Hip joint

A

Ball and socket joint, articular cartilage
Acetabulum (pubis, ischium, ilium) and femoral head
3 ligaments
pubofemoral (superior pubic rami to intertrochanteric line)
ischiofemoral (ischium to greater trochanter) - weaker point
iliofemoral (AIIS to intertrochanteric line) - strongest point
ligament of head of femur (contains a branch of obturator artery)
medial circumflex femoral artery (branch of profunda femoris) supplies the femoral head

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11
Q

Hip muscles - superficial abductors and extensors

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata

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12
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

origin - posterior surface of Ilium, sacrum, coccyx
insertion - Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, fascia lata
innervation - inferior gluteal nerve
action - Extensor

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13
Q

Gluteus medius

A

origin - ilium
insertion - lateral surface greater trochanter of femur
innervation - superior gluteal nerve
action - abductor, internal rotation

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14
Q

gluteus minimus

A

origin - ilium
insertion - anterior greater trochanter of femur
innervation - superior gluteal nerve
action - abductor hip, internal rotation

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15
Q

Tensor fascia lata

A

origin - anterior iliac crest, ASIS
insertion - iliotibial tract (popliteal fascia, lateral condyle of tibia)
innervation - femoral nerve
action - abductor and internal rotation

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16
Q

Hip muscles - deep lateral rotators

A

Piriformis
Gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

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17
Q

Piriformis

A 
origin - anterior surface of sacrum
insertion - greater trochanter of femur
innervation - nerve to piriformis
action - lateral rotation, abduction
passes through the GREATER sciatic foramen
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18
Q

Gemellus superior and inferior

A

origin - ischial spine and inferior from ischial tuberosity
insertion - greater trochanter of femur
innervation - nerve to obturator internus and quadratus femoris
action - lateral rotation

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19
Q

Obturator internus

A

origin - Pubis, ischium at the obturator foramen
insertion - greater trochanter of femur
innervation - nerve to obturator internus
action - lateral rotation
passes through the LESSER sciatic foramen

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20
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

origin - Ischial tuberosity
insertion - quadrate tuberosity on the intertronchanteric line
innervation - nerve to quadratus femoris
action - lateral rotation

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21
Q

Contents of greater sciatic foramen

A 
Superior gluteal artery and nerve
Piriformis
Inferior gluteal artery and nerve
Sciatic nerve
internal pudendal artery and nerve
nerve to quadratus femoris and obturator internus
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
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22
Q

Content of lesser sciatic foramen

A

Obturator internus
Nerve of obturator internus
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal vessels

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23
Q

Greater sciatic foramen

A

Anterolaterally - greater sciatic notch of ilium
Posteromedially - sacrotuberous ligament
inferiorly - Sacrospinous ligament
Superiorly - anteriror sacroiliac ligament

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24
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

Anterior - tuberosity of ischium
Superior - sacrospinous ligament
posterior - sacrotuberous ligament

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25
Attachment of fascia lata
Posterior - sacrum and coccyx Lateral - iliac crest Anterior - inguinal ligament, superior pubic rami Media - Ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosity , sacrotuberous ligament Distally - lateral tibial condyle
26
Anterior compartment of thigh
``` Iliacus Psoas major vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius rectus femoris Sartorius Pectineus ```
27
Iliacus
origin - anterior surface of Ilium insertion - lesser tubercle of femur innervation - femoral nerve action - flexor
28
Psoas major
origin - Transverse process of L2-4 insertion - lesser tubercle of femur innervation - L1-L3 action - flexor
29
Vastus lateralis
origin - greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera insertion - patellar tendon innervation - femoral nerve action - knee extensor
30
Vastus intermedius
origin - anterior and lateral surface of femoral shaft insertion - patellar tendon innervation - femoral nerve action - knee extensor
31
vastus medialis
origin - intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera insertion - patellar tendon innervation - femoral nerve action - knee extensor
32
Rectus femoris
origin - Acetabulum and AIIS insertion - patellar tendon innervation - femoral nerve action - hip flexor and knee extensor
33
Sartorius
origin - ASIS insertion - Superior medial surface of tibia innervation - femoral nerve action - hip flexor, lateral rotation, knee flexor
34
Pectineus
origin - Pectineal line on the anterior surface of pelvis insertion - pectineal line inferior to lesser trochanter innervation - femoral nerve action - adduction and hip flexion
35
Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh
``` Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Obturator externus Gracilis ```
36
Adductor magnus
origin - inferior pubic rami & ischial tuberosity insertion - linea aspera, adductor tubercle/medial supracondylar line of femur innervation - obturator and tibial action - adduction
37
Adductor longus
origin - pubis insertion - linea aspera innervation - obturator nerve action - adduction, medial rotation
38
Adductor brevis
origin - pubis and inferior pubic rami insertion - linea aspera innervation - obturator action - adduction
39
Obturator externus
origin - obturator membrane insertion - greater trochanter innervation - obturator action - lateral rotation
40
Gracilis
origin - inferior rami and body of pubis insertion - medial surface of tibia, between sartorius and semitendinosus innervation - obturator action - adduction, flexion of knee
41
Muscles of posterior compartment of thigh
Bicep femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
42
Biceps femoris
origin - Ischial tuberosity (long head), short head = linea aspera insertion - Head of fibula innervation - sciatic nerve/Common peroneal action - flexion of knee
43
Semimembranosus
origin - ischial tuberosity insertion - medial tibial condyle innervation - sciatic nerve/tibial action - flexion of knee
44
Semitendinosus
origin - ischial tuberosity insertion - medial surface of tibia innervation - sciatic nerve/tibial action - flexion of knee
45
Proximal Femur
Head - joint with acetabulum with ligament teres Neck - common fracture line Greater trochanter - gluteal, lateral rotators Lesser trochanter - hip flexors intertrochanteric line = becomes pectineal line posterior to lesser trochanter
46
Shaft of femur
Linea aspera - attachment of adductor muscles Gluteal tuberosity Medial supracondylar line = adductor tubercle
47
Distal femur
Condyles - articular surface of knee joint Epicondyles - attachment for ligaments and muscles Intercondylar fossa - ACL (lateral), PCL (medial)
48
Knee joint
Hinge joint, synovial joint Joint capsules Bursa = Infrapatella, Suprapatella, subpatella, semimembranosus bursa Ligaments - medial collateral (semimembranosus lies underneath), lateral collateral, ACL/PCL, patellar Meniscus - medial C shaped (attached to medial collateral), lateral circular
49
Anterior compartment of the lower leg
Tibialis anterior peroneus tertius Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus
50
Tibialis anterior
origin - lateral surface of tibia insertion - medial cuneiform and 1st base of MTP innervation - deep peroneal action - dorsiflexion, inversion
51
Peroneus longus
origin - medial surface of fibula insertion - 5th MTP innervation - deep peroneal action - dorsiflexion, eversion
52
Extensor hallucis longus
origin - fibula shaft insertion - Distal phalanx of big toe innervation - deep peroneal action - dorsiflexion
53
Extensor digitorum longus
origin - lateral condyle of tibia and medial surface of fibula insertion - distal phalanx innervation - deep peroneal action - dorsiflexion
54
Lateral compartment of lower leg
Peroneus longus | Peroneus brevis
55
Peroneus longus
origin - lateral surface of fibula and lateral tibial condyle insertion - medial cuneiform and base of 1st MTP innervation - superficial peroneal action - eversion, plantar flexion
56
Peroneus brevis
origin - shaft of fibula insertion - tubercle of 5th MTP innervation - superficial peroneal action - everision
57
Posterior compartment of leg | Superficial
Plantaris Soleus Gastrocnemius
58
Plantaris
origin - lateral supracondylar line of femur insertion - achilles tendon innervation - tibial nerve action - plantar flexion
59
Soleus
origin - soleal line of tibia and proximal fibula insertion - achilles tendon innervation - tibial nerve action - plantar flexion
60
Gastrocnemius
origin - medial and lateral condyle of femur insertion - achilles tendon innervation - tibial nerve action - plantar flexion, knee flexor
61
Posterior compartment of lower leg | Deep
Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus
62
Tibialis posterior
origin - Interosseous membrane insertion - navicular and medial cuneiform innervation - tibial nerve action - plantar flexion, inversion
63
flexor digitorum longus
origin - medial surface of tibia insertion - distal phalanx innervation - tibial nerve action - plantar flexion
64
flexor hallucis longus
origin - posteriro surface of fibula insertion - distal phalanx of big toe innervation - tibial nerve action - plantar flexion
65
Popliteus
origin - Posterior surface of tibia insertion - lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus innervation - tibial nerve action - laterally rotates knee for UNLOCKING
66
Patella
SESSAMOID BONE patellafemoral groove patellofemoral articulation thus part of knee joint Exhances the extension of knee by quadriceps
67
Tibia
``` Medial bone in lower leg Weight bearing bone Patella ligament attaches to TIBIAL TUBEROSITY Posterior surface - SOLEAL LINE Medial malleolus Fibular notch ```
68
Fibula
Lateral bone of lower leg attaches to the lateral condyle of tibia Posterior, lateral surface lies the common peroneal nerve at the fibular neck Forms the lateral malleolus
69
Tarsal bones
``` Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid 3 cuneiforms ```
70
Joints of talus bone
``` 3 articulations Ankle joint subtalar joint - calcaneus talonavicular joint Fracture can lead to AVN ```
71
Joints of Calcaneus
2 articulations Subtalar joint Calcaneocuboid joint
72
Ankle joint
``` hinge type joint, synovial joint joint between the talus and tibia/fibula DELTOID ligament (medial) - talus, calneous, navicular Lateral ligament - talofibular (anterior and posterior), calcaneofibular ligament ```
73
Pott's fracture dislocation
Bimaleolar or trimaleolar fracture
74
Segond fracture
avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial plateau with ACL injury
75
Osgood schlatter disease
chronic avulsion fracture of tibial tuberosity where the patella ligament inserts
76
Maisonneuve fracture
Spiral fracture of proximal fibula | Tilofibular syndesmosis/deltoid ligament disruption/medial malleolus fracture
77
Jones fracture
extra articular fractue of base of 5th MTP
78
Weber A fracture
below the talar dome | transverse
79
Weber B fracture
``` at level of talar dome spiral syndesmosis injury medial malleolus fracture deltoid ligament injury ```
80
Weber C fracture
above the level of talar joint tilofibular syndesmosis diruption medial malleolus fracture or deltoid ligament injury
81
Subtalar joint
plane synovial joint Posterior talar articular surface and posterior calcaneal articular facet Joint capsule 3 ligaments - posterior/medial/lateral talocalcaneal ligament Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
82
Muscles in the dorsum of the foot
Extensor pollicis brevis | Extensor digitorum brevis
83
Extensor hallucis brevis
origin - calcaneus and extensor retinaculum insertion - proximal phalanx of big toe innervation - deep peroneal nerve action - extend great toe at MTP
84
Extensor digitorum brevis
origin - calcaneus and extensor retinaculum insertion - long extensor tendons innervation - deep peroneal nerve action - extension at MTP, IPJ
85
Muscles of foot - plantar 1st layer
Abductor hallucis FLexor Digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi
86
Abductor hallucis
origin - calcaneus, flexor retinaculum and plantar aponeurosis insertion - medial base of proximal phalanx innervation - medial plantar nerve action - abduct the big toe
87
Flexor digitorum brevis
origin - calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis insertion - middle phalanges of toes innervation - medial plantar nerve action - flex PIPJ
88
Abductor digiti minimi
origin - calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis insertion - proximal phalanx of 5th digit innervation - lateral plantar nerve action - abduct 5th toe
89
Muscles of the foot 2nd layer
Quadratus plantae | Lumbricals
90
Quadratus plantae
origin - calcaneus insertion - FDL tendons innervation - lateral plantar nerve action - assist FDL
91
Lumbricals
origin - tendons of FDL insertion - extensor hood of lateral four digits innervation - medial/lateral plantar nerve action - flexes MTPJ extends IPJ
92
Muscle of the foot 3rd layer
Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis
93
Flexor hallucis brevis
origin - Cuboid and lateral cuneiforms insertion - proximal phalanx of big toe innervation - medial plantar nerve action - flexes MTPJ
94
Adductor hallucis
origin - oblique head (2-4th MTP) and plantar ligaments of MTPJ insertion - lateral base of proximal phalanx of big toe innervation - lateral plantar nerve action - adduct toe
95
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
origin - base of 5th MTP insertion - base of proximal phalanx of 5th innervation - lateral plantar nerve action - flexion of 5th toe
96
Muscles of the foot 4th layer
Plantar and dorsal interossei Only 3 plantar interossei, 4 dorsal interossei innervation - lateral plantar nerve action - Dorsal - ABDUCT, plantar - ADDUCT
97
Femoral artery
arises after inguinal ligament enters femoral triangle Profunda femoris medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery
98
branches of internal iliac artery in lower limbs
obturator artery superior gluteal inferior gluteal
99
popliteal artery
``` arises after adductor hiatus medial/lateral superior genicular artery medial lateral inferior genicular artery middle genicular artery sural artery anterior tibial artery (dorsalis pedis) Tibioperoneal trunk (posterior tibial and peroneal) ```
100
Veins in the legs - deep
Anterior tibial vein Posterior tibial vein popliteal vein - femoral vein
101
Superficial vein of legs
Great saphenous vein - medial aspect of leg, anterior to medial malleolus Small saphenous vein - lateral aspect of leg - posterior to lateral malleolus, joins the popliteal vein
102
Nerve roots of Lumbar plexus
L1-L4
103
Branches of the lumbar plexus
``` Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Obturator Femoral Lateral cutaenous nerve of the thigh ```
104
Iliohypogastric nerve
L1 internal oblique, transversus abdominis cutaneous branch above the inguinal ligament and gluteal region
105
Ilioinguinal nerve
L1 internal oblique, transversus abdominis cutaneous branch to pubis, root of penis/labia majora passes through the inguinal canal
106
Obturator nerve
L2-L4 supplies the medial compartment of the thigh skin - medial thigh passes through the obturator foramen
107
Femoral nerve
L2-L4 supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh Anterior aspect of thigh Gives off saphenous nerve - medial malleolus
108
Genitofemoral nerve
L1-L2 Cremasteric muscle Skin over the anterior part of scrotum, labia majora
109
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
L2-L3 | anterior and lateral aspect of thigh
110
Nerve roots of sacral plexus
L4-S4
111
Branches of sacral plexus
``` Superior gluteal nerve inferior gluteal nerve Sciatic nerve nerve to piriformis nerve to obturator internus nerve to quadratus femoris pudendal nerve ```
112
Superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5, S1 innervates gluteus medius, minimus passes ABOVE piriformis
113
Inferior gluteal nerve
L5, S1, S2 innervates gluteus maximus passes BELOW piriformis
114
Sciatic nerve
L4-S3 Tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve Hamstring muscles
115
Posterior femoral cutaneous
S1-S3 | posterior surface of thigh
116
Pudendal nerve
S2-S4 | levator ani, external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter
117
tibial nerve
L4-S3 posterolateral side of leg, lateral side of foot, sole of foot Posterior compartment of the leg Terminal branch - plantar nerves
118
Common peroneal nerve
L4-S3 lateral and anterior compartments wraps around the fibular neck gives off lateral sural cutaneous nerve
119
Deep peroneal nerve
``` L4/L5 anterior compartment of the leg web of 1st and 2nd toe follows the anterior tibial artery deep to extensor retinaculum ```
120
Superficial peroneal nerve
L4-S1 lateral compartment of leg dorsum of foot
121
Sural nerve
from common peroneal and tibial nerve | cutaneous branch for lateral malleolus

MRCS Anatomy (8 decks)

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