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MRCS Anatomy > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

superior - inguinal ligament
lateral - medial border of sartorius
medial - medial border of adductor longus
floor - pectineus, iliopsoas and adductor longus
root - fascia lata

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2
Q

Content of femoral triangle

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral lymph nodes/canal

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3
Q

Content of femoral sheath

A

Femoral artery, vein and canal

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4
Q

Borders of Femoral canal

A

Roof - inguinal ligament
lateral - femoral vein
medial - lacunar ligament
floor - pectineal ligament

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5
Q

Content of femoral canal

A

lymph nodes

femoral hernia

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6
Q

Borders of adductor canal/hunter’s canal

A

Roof - sartorius
Floor - adductor longus and magnus
Lateral - vastus medialis
extends from the apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus

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7
Q

Content of hunter’s canal

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
saphenous nerve

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8
Q

Borders of Popliteal fossa

A 
inferior - 2 heads of gastrocnemius and plantaris
lateral - biceps femoris
medial - semimembranosus
floor - posterior joint capsule
roof - popliteal fascia
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9
Q

Content of popliteal fossa

A 
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve
Popliteal lymph nodes
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10
Q

Hip joint

A

Ball and socket joint, articular cartilage
Acetabulum (pubis, ischium, ilium) and femoral head
3 ligaments
pubofemoral (superior pubic rami to intertrochanteric line)
ischiofemoral (ischium to greater trochanter) - weaker point
iliofemoral (AIIS to intertrochanteric line) - strongest point
ligament of head of femur (contains a branch of obturator artery)
medial circumflex femoral artery (branch of profunda femoris) supplies the femoral head

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11
Q

Hip muscles - superficial abductors and extensors

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata

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12
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

origin - posterior surface of Ilium, sacrum, coccyx
insertion - Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, fascia lata
innervation - inferior gluteal nerve
action - Extensor

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13
Q

Gluteus medius

A

origin - ilium
insertion - lateral surface greater trochanter of femur
innervation - superior gluteal nerve
action - abductor, internal rotation

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14
Q

gluteus minimus

A

origin - ilium
insertion - anterior greater trochanter of femur
innervation - superior gluteal nerve
action - abductor hip, internal rotation

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15
Q

Tensor fascia lata

A

origin - anterior iliac crest, ASIS
insertion - iliotibial tract (popliteal fascia, lateral condyle of tibia)
innervation - femoral nerve
action - abductor and internal rotation

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16
Q

Hip muscles - deep lateral rotators

A

Piriformis
Gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

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17
Q

Piriformis

A 
origin - anterior surface of sacrum
insertion - greater trochanter of femur
innervation - nerve to piriformis
action - lateral rotation, abduction
passes through the GREATER sciatic foramen
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18
Q

Gemellus superior and inferior

A

origin - ischial spine and inferior from ischial tuberosity
insertion - greater trochanter of femur
innervation - nerve to obturator internus and quadratus femoris
action - lateral rotation

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19
Q

Obturator internus

A

origin - Pubis, ischium at the obturator foramen
insertion - greater trochanter of femur
innervation - nerve to obturator internus
action - lateral rotation
passes through the LESSER sciatic foramen

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20
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

origin - Ischial tuberosity
insertion - quadrate tuberosity on the intertronchanteric line
innervation - nerve to quadratus femoris
action - lateral rotation

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21
Q

Contents of greater sciatic foramen

A 
Superior gluteal artery and nerve
Piriformis
Inferior gluteal artery and nerve
Sciatic nerve
internal pudendal artery and nerve
nerve to quadratus femoris and obturator internus
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
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22
Q

Content of lesser sciatic foramen

A

Obturator internus
Nerve of obturator internus
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal vessels

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23
Q

Greater sciatic foramen

A

Anterolaterally - greater sciatic notch of ilium
Posteromedially - sacrotuberous ligament
inferiorly - Sacrospinous ligament
Superiorly - anteriror sacroiliac ligament

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24
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

Anterior - tuberosity of ischium
Superior - sacrospinous ligament
posterior - sacrotuberous ligament

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25
Q

Attachment of fascia lata

A

Posterior - sacrum and coccyx
Lateral - iliac crest
Anterior - inguinal ligament, superior pubic rami
Media - Ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosity , sacrotuberous ligament
Distally - lateral tibial condyle

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26
Q

Anterior compartment of thigh

A 
Iliacus
Psoas major
vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
rectus femoris
Sartorius
Pectineus
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27
Q

Iliacus

A

origin - anterior surface of Ilium
insertion - lesser tubercle of femur
innervation - femoral nerve
action - flexor

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28
Q

Psoas major

A

origin - Transverse process of L2-4
insertion - lesser tubercle of femur
innervation - L1-L3
action - flexor

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29
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

origin - greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
insertion - patellar tendon
innervation - femoral nerve
action - knee extensor

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30
Q

Vastus intermedius

A

origin - anterior and lateral surface of femoral shaft
insertion - patellar tendon
innervation - femoral nerve
action - knee extensor

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31
Q

vastus medialis

A

origin - intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera
insertion - patellar tendon
innervation - femoral nerve
action - knee extensor

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32
Q

Rectus femoris

A

origin - Acetabulum and AIIS
insertion - patellar tendon
innervation - femoral nerve
action - hip flexor and knee extensor

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33
Q

Sartorius

A

origin - ASIS
insertion - Superior medial surface of tibia
innervation - femoral nerve
action - hip flexor, lateral rotation, knee flexor

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34
Q

Pectineus

A

origin - Pectineal line on the anterior surface of pelvis
insertion - pectineal line inferior to lesser trochanter
innervation - femoral nerve
action - adduction and hip flexion

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35
Q

Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Obturator externus
Gracilis
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36
Q

Adductor magnus

A

origin - inferior pubic rami & ischial tuberosity
insertion - linea aspera, adductor tubercle/medial supracondylar line of femur
innervation - obturator and tibial
action - adduction

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37
Q

Adductor longus

A

origin - pubis
insertion - linea aspera
innervation - obturator nerve
action - adduction, medial rotation

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38
Q

Adductor brevis

A

origin - pubis and inferior pubic rami
insertion - linea aspera
innervation - obturator
action - adduction

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39
Q

Obturator externus

A

origin - obturator membrane
insertion - greater trochanter
innervation - obturator
action - lateral rotation

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40
Q

Gracilis

A

origin - inferior rami and body of pubis
insertion - medial surface of tibia, between sartorius and semitendinosus
innervation - obturator
action - adduction, flexion of knee

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41
Q

Muscles of posterior compartment of thigh

A

Bicep femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

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42
Q

Biceps femoris

A

origin - Ischial tuberosity (long head), short head = linea aspera
insertion - Head of fibula
innervation - sciatic nerve/Common peroneal
action - flexion of knee

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43
Q

Semimembranosus

A

origin - ischial tuberosity
insertion - medial tibial condyle
innervation - sciatic nerve/tibial
action - flexion of knee

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44
Q

Semitendinosus

A

origin - ischial tuberosity
insertion - medial surface of tibia
innervation - sciatic nerve/tibial
action - flexion of knee

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45
Q

Proximal Femur

A

Head - joint with acetabulum with ligament teres
Neck - common fracture line
Greater trochanter - gluteal, lateral rotators
Lesser trochanter - hip flexors
intertrochanteric line = becomes pectineal line posterior to lesser trochanter

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46
Q

Shaft of femur

A

Linea aspera - attachment of adductor muscles
Gluteal tuberosity
Medial supracondylar line = adductor tubercle

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47
Q

Distal femur

A

Condyles - articular surface of knee joint
Epicondyles - attachment for ligaments and muscles
Intercondylar fossa - ACL (lateral), PCL (medial)

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48
Q

Knee joint

A

Hinge joint, synovial joint
Joint capsules
Bursa = Infrapatella, Suprapatella, subpatella, semimembranosus bursa
Ligaments - medial collateral (semimembranosus lies underneath), lateral collateral, ACL/PCL, patellar
Meniscus - medial C shaped (attached to medial collateral), lateral circular

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49
Q

Anterior compartment of the lower leg

A

Tibialis anterior
peroneus tertius
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus

50
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

origin - lateral surface of tibia
insertion - medial cuneiform and 1st base of MTP
innervation - deep peroneal
action - dorsiflexion, inversion

51
Q

Peroneus longus

A

origin - medial surface of fibula
insertion - 5th MTP
innervation - deep peroneal
action - dorsiflexion, eversion

52
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

origin - fibula shaft
insertion - Distal phalanx of big toe
innervation - deep peroneal
action - dorsiflexion

53
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

origin - lateral condyle of tibia and medial surface of fibula
insertion - distal phalanx
innervation - deep peroneal
action - dorsiflexion

54
Q

Lateral compartment of lower leg

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

55
Q

Peroneus longus

A

origin - lateral surface of fibula and lateral tibial condyle
insertion - medial cuneiform and base of 1st MTP
innervation - superficial peroneal
action - eversion, plantar flexion

56
Q

Peroneus brevis

A

origin - shaft of fibula
insertion - tubercle of 5th MTP
innervation - superficial peroneal
action - everision

57
Q

Posterior compartment of leg

Superficial

A

Plantaris
Soleus
Gastrocnemius

58
Q

Plantaris

A

origin - lateral supracondylar line of femur
insertion - achilles tendon
innervation - tibial nerve
action - plantar flexion

59
Q

Soleus

A

origin - soleal line of tibia and proximal fibula
insertion - achilles tendon
innervation - tibial nerve
action - plantar flexion

60
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

origin - medial and lateral condyle of femur
insertion - achilles tendon
innervation - tibial nerve
action - plantar flexion, knee flexor

61
Q

Posterior compartment of lower leg

Deep

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Popliteus

62
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

origin - Interosseous membrane
insertion - navicular and medial cuneiform
innervation - tibial nerve
action - plantar flexion, inversion

63
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A

origin - medial surface of tibia
insertion - distal phalanx
innervation - tibial nerve
action - plantar flexion

64
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A

origin - posteriro surface of fibula
insertion - distal phalanx of big toe
innervation - tibial nerve
action - plantar flexion

65
Q

Popliteus

A

origin - Posterior surface of tibia
insertion - lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus
innervation - tibial nerve
action - laterally rotates knee for UNLOCKING

66
Q

Patella

A

SESSAMOID BONE
patellafemoral groove
patellofemoral articulation thus part of knee joint
Exhances the extension of knee by quadriceps

67
Q

Tibia

A 
Medial bone in lower leg
Weight bearing bone
Patella ligament attaches to TIBIAL TUBEROSITY
Posterior surface - SOLEAL LINE
Medial malleolus
Fibular notch
68
Q

Fibula

A

Lateral bone of lower leg
attaches to the lateral condyle of tibia
Posterior, lateral surface lies the common peroneal nerve at the fibular neck
Forms the lateral malleolus

69
Q

Tarsal bones

A 
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
3 cuneiforms
70
Q

Joints of talus bone

A 
3 articulations
Ankle joint
subtalar joint - calcaneus
talonavicular joint
Fracture can lead to AVN
71
Q

Joints of Calcaneus

A

2 articulations
Subtalar joint
Calcaneocuboid joint

72
Q

Ankle joint

A 
hinge type joint, synovial joint
joint between the talus and tibia/fibula
DELTOID ligament (medial) - talus, calneous, navicular
Lateral ligament - talofibular (anterior and posterior), calcaneofibular ligament
73
Q

Pott’s fracture dislocation

A

Bimaleolar or trimaleolar fracture

74
Q

Segond fracture

A

avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial plateau with ACL injury

75
Q

Osgood schlatter disease

A

chronic avulsion fracture of tibial tuberosity where the patella ligament inserts

76
Q

Maisonneuve fracture

A

Spiral fracture of proximal fibula

Tilofibular syndesmosis/deltoid ligament disruption/medial malleolus fracture

77
Q

Jones fracture

A

extra articular fractue of base of 5th MTP

78
Q

Weber A fracture

A

below the talar dome

transverse

79
Q

Weber B fracture

A 
at level of talar dome
spiral
syndesmosis injury
medial malleolus fracture
deltoid ligament injury
80
Q

Weber C fracture

A

above the level of talar joint
tilofibular syndesmosis diruption
medial malleolus fracture or deltoid ligament injury

81
Q

Subtalar joint

A

plane synovial joint
Posterior talar articular surface and posterior calcaneal articular facet
Joint capsule
3 ligaments - posterior/medial/lateral talocalcaneal ligament
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

82
Q

Muscles in the dorsum of the foot

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extensor digitorum brevis

83
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis

A

origin - calcaneus and extensor retinaculum
insertion - proximal phalanx of big toe
innervation - deep peroneal nerve
action - extend great toe at MTP

84
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis

A

origin - calcaneus and extensor retinaculum
insertion - long extensor tendons
innervation - deep peroneal nerve
action - extension at MTP, IPJ

85
Q

Muscles of foot - plantar 1st layer

A

Abductor hallucis
FLexor Digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi

86
Q

Abductor hallucis

A

origin - calcaneus, flexor retinaculum and plantar aponeurosis
insertion - medial base of proximal phalanx
innervation - medial plantar nerve
action - abduct the big toe

87
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis

A

origin - calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis
insertion - middle phalanges of toes
innervation - medial plantar nerve
action - flex PIPJ

88
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

origin - calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis
insertion - proximal phalanx of 5th digit
innervation - lateral plantar nerve
action - abduct 5th toe

89
Q

Muscles of the foot 2nd layer

A

Quadratus plantae

Lumbricals

90
Q

Quadratus plantae

A

origin - calcaneus
insertion - FDL tendons
innervation - lateral plantar nerve
action - assist FDL

91
Q

Lumbricals

A

origin - tendons of FDL
insertion - extensor hood of lateral four digits
innervation - medial/lateral plantar nerve
action - flexes MTPJ extends IPJ

92
Q

Muscle of the foot 3rd layer

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

93
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis

A

origin - Cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
insertion - proximal phalanx of big toe
innervation - medial plantar nerve
action - flexes MTPJ

94
Q

Adductor hallucis

A

origin - oblique head (2-4th MTP) and plantar ligaments of MTPJ
insertion - lateral base of proximal phalanx of big toe
innervation - lateral plantar nerve
action - adduct toe

95
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

origin - base of 5th MTP
insertion - base of proximal phalanx of 5th
innervation - lateral plantar nerve
action - flexion of 5th toe

96
Q

Muscles of the foot 4th layer

A

Plantar and dorsal interossei
Only 3 plantar interossei, 4 dorsal interossei
innervation - lateral plantar nerve
action - Dorsal - ABDUCT, plantar - ADDUCT

97
Q

Femoral artery

A

arises after inguinal ligament
enters femoral triangle
Profunda femoris
medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery

98
Q

branches of internal iliac artery in lower limbs

A

obturator artery
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal

99
Q

popliteal artery

A 
arises after adductor hiatus
medial/lateral superior genicular artery
medial lateral inferior genicular artery
middle genicular artery
sural artery
anterior tibial artery (dorsalis pedis)
Tibioperoneal trunk (posterior tibial and peroneal)
100
Q

Veins in the legs - deep

A

Anterior tibial vein
Posterior tibial vein
popliteal vein - femoral vein

101
Q

Superficial vein of legs

A

Great saphenous vein - medial aspect of leg, anterior to medial malleolus
Small saphenous vein - lateral aspect of leg - posterior to lateral malleolus, joins the popliteal vein

102
Q

Nerve roots of Lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4

103
Q

Branches of the lumbar plexus

A 
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Genitofemoral
Obturator
Femoral
Lateral cutaenous nerve of the thigh
104
Q

Iliohypogastric nerve

A

L1
internal oblique, transversus abdominis
cutaneous branch above the inguinal ligament and gluteal region

105
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve

A

L1
internal oblique, transversus abdominis
cutaneous branch to pubis, root of penis/labia majora
passes through the inguinal canal

106
Q

Obturator nerve

A

L2-L4
supplies the medial compartment of the thigh
skin - medial thigh
passes through the obturator foramen

107
Q

Femoral nerve

A

L2-L4
supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh
Anterior aspect of thigh
Gives off saphenous nerve - medial malleolus

108
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A

L1-L2
Cremasteric muscle
Skin over the anterior part of scrotum, labia majora

109
Q

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

L2-L3

anterior and lateral aspect of thigh

110
Q

Nerve roots of sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

111
Q

Branches of sacral plexus

A 
Superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
nerve to piriformis
nerve to obturator internus
nerve to quadratus femoris
pudendal nerve
112
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

L4, L5, S1
innervates gluteus medius, minimus
passes ABOVE piriformis

113
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A

L5, S1, S2
innervates gluteus maximus
passes BELOW piriformis

114
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3
Tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve
Hamstring muscles

115
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous

A

S1-S3

posterior surface of thigh

116
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

S2-S4

levator ani, external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter

117
Q

tibial nerve

A

L4-S3
posterolateral side of leg, lateral side of foot, sole of foot
Posterior compartment of the leg
Terminal branch - plantar nerves

118
Q

Common peroneal nerve

A

L4-S3
lateral and anterior compartments
wraps around the fibular neck
gives off lateral sural cutaneous nerve

119
Q

Deep peroneal nerve

A 
L4/L5
anterior compartment of the leg
web of 1st and 2nd toe
follows  the anterior tibial artery
deep to extensor retinaculum
120
Q

Superficial peroneal nerve

A

L4-S1
lateral compartment of leg
dorsum of foot

121
Q

Sural nerve

A

from common peroneal and tibial nerve

cutaneous branch for lateral malleolus

MRCS Anatomy (8 decks)

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