neck

Question 1

The the paper by secrest and grimes 2019 about canine parathyroid glands, which is false?
a) adenocarcinomas were less likely to have a homogenous echotexture
b) 3mm is the optimum cut off between hyperplastic nodules and neoplastic parathyroid glands
c) A nodule that was not round (ie the nodule waselipsoid shaped or irregular shaped) was associated with adenocarcinoma
d) there was substantial overlap between groups for size of hyperplastic, adenoma and adenocarcinoma

Answer 1

C is false, There were no associations with dog age, sex, weight, breed; or gland laterality, location,ultrasonographic shape, or echogenicity among histologic diagnosis groups (P > .05)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31353771/

4mm is the cut off in penninck - less than 4mm- hyperplastic, more than 4 adenoma or carcinoma. In dogs with chronic renal failure, however, the parathyroid glands are longer- may differentiate between acute and chronic KD.

Question 2

what is the upper reference limit is penninck for canine parathyroid gland size?
a) 2.3
b) 2.6
c) 3.3
d) 3.6

Answer 2

C. 2.3 is the average. in other research 2-5mm greatest diameter and up to 1mm width.

Question 3

which is false on the use of ultrasound to asses feline parathyroid glands?
a) parathyroid glands in cats are inconsistently seen
b) older cats had more hypoechoic parathyroid nodules
c) cat with renal disease had less hypoechoic thyroid nodules
d) histologically cats have 2 parathyroid glands per thyroid gland

Answer 3

ultrasound is unreliable for distinguishing parathyroid tissue from other nodular lesions in the thyroid gland of cats. Thus, a reference range for ultrasonographically derived parathyroid gland size could not be established. What we can conclude is that nodules internal to the thyroid gland in cat cadavers closely resembled those identified on ultrasound in our clinically healthy population of cats, and represented a number of different entities histologically, including normal internal parathyroid glands, thyroid follicular cysts, multifocal follicular dilation, or thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia. While not seen in the cadavers evaluated in this study, review of the literature indicates that other lesions such as thyroid lobules, follicular adenomas, or lymphoid tissue occur in the thyroid glands of cats and might also appear as hypoechoic nodules.6-8, 10-15 Our data supports that hypoechoic nodules are more common in healthy older cats compared to a younger population, even with normal parathyroid and thyroid testing. Younger cat cadavers had fewer nodular lesions identified histologically so that most of the nodules seen were indeed parathyroid tissue. Ultrasound struggled in the younger cat cadavers to see any hypoechoic nodules presumably due to the smaller size and possibly related to the relative echogenicity of parathyroid tissue in younger animals relative to the surrounding thyroid tissue.

histology did not always find parathyroid glands in cats and not in consistent locations.

not enough cats to conclude that cats with ckd had more hypoechoic nodules, but seen a lot by the authors anecdotally.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vru.12661

Question 4

which two structures run alongside the common carotid artery within the sheath?
a) recurrent laryngeal nerve
b) vagosympathetic trunk
c) external jugular vein
d) internal jugular vein

Answer 4

B, D. the vagus nerve also runs close by. the recurrent nerve is more ventral.

Question 5

the confluence of which vessels forms the external jugular vein?
a) internal and external maxillary
b) lingual and facial
c) lingual and maxillary
d) linguofacial and maxillary

Answer 5

D- millers. happens caudal to the mandibular salivary gland.

Question 6

compared to the digastric muscle, the mandibular salivary gland is…
a) hyperechoic
b) isoechoic
c) hypoechoic

Answer 6

A

Question 7

the mandibular lymph nodes are closest to which vessel usually?
a) facial vein
b) lingual vein
c) maxillary vein
d) linguofacial vein

Answer 7

A (B), more around facial but also lingual

Question 8

inflamed salivary glands usually become…
a) more hyperechoic
b) more hypoechoic
c) no change

Answer 8

B

Question 9

the most common neoplasia of the feline larynx is?
a) Squamous cell carcinoma
b) lymphoma
c) ectopic thyroid carcinoma
d) fibrosarcoma

Answer 9

B (A). from thrall: In cats, the two most common forms of pharyngolaryngeal mural neoplasia are lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and in the larynx the arytenoid cartilage is most often involved. In dogs, in the pharynx, squamous cell carcinoma (in particular tonsillar) is most common with sarcoma, melanoma and
lymphoma also reported.10,11 In the larynx, epithelial tumors
and rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma are most frequent,
although mast cell tumor, various sarcomas, oncocytoma, plasma
cell tumor and melanoma are also seen

Question 10

hyperplastic thyroid glands are usually.. compared to normal
a) hyperechoic
b) isoechoic to hyperechoic
c) hypoechoic to isoechoic

Answer 10

C

Question 11

thyroid carcinoma is more common in…
a) dogs
b) cats

Answer 11

A. 50% are mineralised

Question 12

if all parathyroids are normal to mildly enlarged in a dog with hypercalcaemia, which disease is more likely?
a) adenocarcinoma
b) primary hyperparathyroidism
c) secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 12

C
rarely primary can have more than one nodule affected