bladder and urethra Flashcards
what artefact is seen here:
mirror
how many histological layers does the bladder have and what are they?
4
mucosa (hypoechoic), submucosa (hyperechoic),
muscularis (hypoechoic), and serosa (hyperechoic).
However, these layers are difficult to define sonographically
same for the urethra, but not seen when normal
normal range of bladder wall thickness in cats has been reported up to…?
a) 1mm
b) 1.4mm
c) 1.7mm
d) 2.1mm
C
what artifacts can lead to pseudosludge in the urinary bladder?
side lobe and grating lobe artefacts
is a previous study_(A B C D)__% of cats had sonographic echoes suspended in the urinary bladder. _(E F G H)__% had no significant findings other than the presence of _(I J K)__
a) 30%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 90%
e) 95%
f) 77%
g) 66%
h) 40%
I) lipid
J) proteinaceous debris
K) struvite crystals
D- 90%
G- 66%
I- Lipid
what is this an example of in the urinary bladder?
pseudomembraneous cystitis
this is the gravity independent aspect of the urinary bladder of a dog with D. mellitus, what is the likely diagnosis
emphysematous cystitis.
what does polypoid cystitis need to be differentiated from? (2)
granulomatous cystitis, neoplasia
a bladder mass with a smooth luminal surface and serosal extension is more likely to be…
a) SCC
b) mesenchymal origin (rhabdomyosarcoma, chemodectoma, leiomyoma/sarcoma, fibroma/ sarcoma, haemangioma/ sarcoma)
c) nerve sheath tumour
d) lymphoma
B. need to sample
name 3 common urethral neoplasms
TCC/ urothelial carcinoma, SCC, adenocarcinoma
SCC- distal urethra
don’t forget polyps.
which is true?
a) ultrasound underestimates cystolith size
b) ultrasound overestimates cystolith size
c) ultrasound is accurate at measuring cystoliths
B
wall thickening due to intramural haemorrhage resolves over what time period?
a) 0.5mm/day
b) 1mm/day
c) 2mm/day
d) 3mm/day
B
what is this?
urachal diverticulum
