NDT MIDTERMS [DECK 3] Flashcards
Sugar as one
of the main
ingredients of
the food
product
Ripe fruits,
Grains,
Legumes
Carbohydrates
Poultry, Eggs, Meat, Milk
Seafoods,
SOYBEAN
Cereals, Grains
Vegetables,
Legumes
Proteins
Red meat
Egg, Poultry
Dairy Products
Seafoods
Vegetable oils
Nuts, Tuna
Soybean
FATS
Acute:
Hypoglycemia
Chronic:
Weight loss
Carbohydrates
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Proteins
ADEK
deficiency
Underweight
FATS
Acute:
Hyperglycemia
Chronic:
Diabetes and
Obesity
Carbohydrates
Cardiovascular Diseases
Obesity
Proteins
Cancer –
prostate,
pancreas,
kidney, breast
and colon
Kidney Disease
Fats
FOOD SOURCES:
■ Green leafy vegetables
VITAMINN K
Antioxidant
Growth and
development of
skeletal and muscle tissues
Eyesight
VIT. A
Calcium and
phosphorus
absorption
↓
Important for the
formation of
normal bones and
teeth
VIT. D
Antioxidant
functions
Healthy skin
VIT. E
Essential for
BLOOD CLOTTING
VIT. K
Night blindness
Bitot’s spot
Xerophthalmia
(SEVERE)
Faulty skeletal
and dental
development
VIT. A
Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adult
VIT. D
Anemia
Nerve
degeneration
Weakness
VIT. E
Excessive
bleeding
Easy bruising
VIT. K
Hepatomegaly
VIT. A
Muscle spasms
Demineralization of
bones and deposits
in soft tissues
Kidney stones
VIT. D
Cramps, diarrhea
Dizzines
Blurred vision
Headaches
VIT. E
■ Increases the body resistance to infection
■ Helps keep gums and teeth healthy
■ Aids in the absorption of iron and calcium
■ in the body
■ Helps in the formation of red blood cells
■ Prevents scurvy.
VITAMIN C
VITAMIN C, B COMPLEX, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
■ Bleeding gums, loose teeth
■ Skin hemorrhages (black and blue spots)
■ Slow wound healing
■ Bone changes
■ Anemia
■ Scurvy in severe deficiency.
LACK OF
ASCORBIC ACID
○ FOOD SOURCES:
■ Citrus
■ Fruits
■ Broccoli
■ Kiwi
■ Cabbage
■ Strawberries
■ Tomatoes
■ Melons
VITAMIN C
■ Prevents beri-beri / nutritional polyneuritis
■ Keeps nerves in healthy condition, muscle
nerve function
■ Promotes good appetite and normal
digestion
■ Promotes good growth
VITAMIN B1
– occurs in infant 2 to
5 months of age, gets the
disease from mother’s milk
suffering from beri-beri and
symptoms like loss of voice
(aphoria) and cyanosis.
infantile beri-beri
/ nutritional polyneuritis
– edema on both
extremities progress
upwards to heart and
lungs.
infantile beri-beri
/ nutritional polyneuritis - WET
– involves
peripheral nerves
causing paresthesia
leading to paralysis.
infantile beri-beri
/ nutritional polyneuritis - DRY
■ Mental confusion/depression
■ Poor appetite
■ Nervousness
■ Loss of ankle and knee jerk reflexes
■ Painful calf muscles (cramps)
■ Constipation
■ Fatigue, weakness
■ Retarded growth
LACK OF
THIAMINE/VITAMIN B1
THIAMINE
VITAMIN B1
■ Keeps eyes and skin healthy
■ Aids in normal functioning of nervous
system
■ Promotes growth.
VITAMIN B2
■ Sores in angles of mouth and fold of nose
■ Itching burning eyes
■ Sore, swollen and chapped lips
■ Swollen, fissured, and painful tongues
■ Retarded growth
LACK OF
RIBOFLAVIN/VITAMIN B2
RIBOFLAVIN
VITAMIN B2
FOOD SOURCES:
■ Pork
■ Grains
■ Cereal Products
■ Meats
■ Fish
■ Green leafy vegetables
VITAMIN B2
■ Promotes normal digestion and keep nerve
in healthy condition
■ Keeps skin healthy
■ Promotes growth.
VITAMIN B3
■ Rough, red skin which later becomes
pigmented
■ Sore mouth, tongue and throat
■ Digestive and nervous disturbances
■ Loss of appetite and weight
■ Pellagra or “3D disease” (dementia,
dermatitis, diarrhea) in severe deficiency
■ Irritability
■ Mental confusion.
LACK OF
VITAMIN B3
NIACIN
VITAMIN B3
■ Essential for carbohydrate, protein and fat
metabolism
■ Maintenance of normal growth, healthy
skin and integrity of CNS
■ Co-enzyme for energy metabolism
VITAMIN B5
LACK OF - RESULTS IN:
■ Insomnia
■ Tingling sensation of the extremities
■ Muscle cramps
■ Vomiting
PANTHOTHENIC ACID/VITAMIN B5
PANTHOTHENIC ACID
VITAMIN B5
LACK OF - RESULTS IN:
■ Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting;
■ Nervous irritability and convulsions;
■ Dermatitis around the eyes, mouth, on the
nose and behind the ears.
PYRIDOXINE /VITAMIN B6
PYRIDOXINE
VITAMIN B6
FOOD SOURCES:
■ Whole grains
■ Spinach
■ Broccoli
■ Legumes
■ Vegetable oils of corn
VITAMIN B6
■ It is also known as folic acid or folate with
functions of aids in metabolism of genetic
material (DNA, RNA)
■ Helps cure a form of anemia, poor growth,
and birth defects
■ Synthesizes DNA which control cell
function, heredity and tissue growth
■ Regenerates red blood cell and essential
formation of WBC in the bone marrow.
VITAMIN B9
LACK OF - RESULTS IN:
■ Poor growth
Fatigue
○ Depression
○ Confusion
○ Macrocytic anemia
○ Glossitis
○ Diarrhea
○ Malformation in the offspring especially neural tube
defect
○ Gastrointestinal disturbances
FOLIC ACID/VITAMIN B9
FOLIC ACID
VITAMIN B9
■ Maturation of red blood cells
■ Protects the “myelin” the fatty material -
transmit electrical impulses (messages)
between nerve cells
■ Metabolizes carbohydrate, protein, fat,
nucleic and folic acid in the body and
normal functioning of all cells.
VITAMIN B12
LACK OF -RESULTS IN:
■ Pernicious anemia;
■ Changes in the nervous system
■ Retarded growth
COBALAMIN /VITAMIN B12
FOOD SOURCES:
■ Foods of animal in origin
■ Fermented foods
VITAMIN B12
VITAMINS AND MINERALS
MICRONUTRIENTS
Antioxidant
Immune system
Iron absorption
Healing of
wounds and
fracture
VIT C
Scurvy
VIT C
Beri beri
B1
Normal function
of the heart,
muscles, nerves
B1
Ariboflavinosis
Magenta red tongue (Glossitis)
Cheilosis
Photophobia
B2
Maintain health
tongue, mouth
and ocular
B2
Pellagra (4D)
B3
Keeps normal
activity of the
GIT and CNS
Maintain healthy
skin
B3
Peripheral neuritis
B6
Essential for the
formation of
tryptophan and
conversion to
Vit. B3
Taken with
Isoniazid (INH)
B6
Megaloblastic Anemia
Neural Tube Defects
B9
Essential for
formation of RBC
Taken with Iron
supplements
during
pregnancy
B9
Pernicious anemia
B12
Essential for
formation of RBC
Helps maintain
nerve cells
B12
■ 99% present in the bone, major
component of renal calculi, with blood
serum of normal value 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/liter.
CALCIUM (Ca)
■ Build and maintain strong bones and teeth
■ Promotes normal blood clotting, regular
heartbeat, cell metabolism and other
muscle contractions
■ Prevents rickets in children and
osteomalacia in adult
■ Lowers risk to fracture
CALCIUM (Ca)
LACK OF - RESULTS IN:
■ Stunted growth
■ Defective structure of teeth and bones
called rickets in very young children
■ Soft bones or osteomalacia in adults
■ Decreased bone density
■ Increased porosity (demineralization) of
the bones called osteoporosis.
■ Low peak bone mass
■ Increased risk to fracture
CALCIUM
FOOD SOURCES:
■ Milk products
■ Dark green leafy vegetable
■ Salmon
■ Orange juice
■ Tofu
CALCIUM
■ Has a blood serum normal value 1.5 to 3.0
mEq/liter.
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
FUNCTIONS:
■ Helps regulate body processes including
regulation of normal heart rhythm
■ Aids in the normal functioning of the body
enzymes
■ Relaxes muscle after contraction
■ Promotes resistance to tooth decay by
holding calcium in the tooth enamel.
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
■ A chief cat-ion in the extracellular fluid
(ECF) with blood serum normal value of
135 to 145 mEq/ liter.
SODIUM (Na)
■ Maintains proper water balance within the
body
■ Preserves the normal movement of the
muscles, nerve impulse transmission
SODIUM (Na)
■ A chief cat-ion in the Intra-cellular Fluid
(ICF) with blood serum normal value 3.5 to
5.5 mEq/ liter.
POTASSIUM (K)
■ Helps in muscle contraction, nerve
impulses, and the proper functioning of
the heart and kidneys
■ Regulates blood pressure and water
balance in the cells
■ Important in CHO and CHON metabolism
POTASSIUM (K)
■ Important in pH regulation and principal
anion in the Intra-cellular cell (ICF).
PHOSPHOROUS (P)
■ Helps in proper bone and tooth
development
■ Facilitates quick release of energy for
muscle contraction
■ Transports lipids and fatty acid in the blood
■ Transports nutrient in and out of the cell
■ Prevents rickets, demineralization of bone
PHOSPHOROUS (P)
■ Function of protein
SULFUR (S)
■ Plays an important role in crucial functions
in body, such as making protein, regulating
gene expression, building and repairing
DNA, and helping body metabolize food.
SULFUR (S)
■ A major anion in the Extracellular Fluid
(ECF) and serve as formation of gastric
juice.
CHLORIDE (Cl)
■ Helps maintain the osmotic pressure and
acid-base equilibrium in the body
■ Helps balance the ph level of the blood
■ Maintains the strong acidity of the
stomach as part of hydrochloric acid
CHLORIDE (Cl)
an excessive loss of chloride
ions from the gastric secretions (vomiting,
gastric lavage or suctioning).
Alkalosis
an excessive supply of chloride
ions from the gastric secretions (diarrhea,
during the state of NPO or diet).
Acidosis
■ A components of hemoglobin.
■ Ferrous SO4 is taken with meals and with
orange juice (Vitamin C) for better
absorption.
■ Watch out for any black tarry stools if
given orally and nothing to do because it is
a normal assessment.
IRON (Fe)
■ The Z-track method is being used if given
IM injection and straw as not to stain the
teeth.
■ Ferrous is better absorbed than ferric, iron
in green leafy vegetable is poorly absorbed
and coffee taking iron – iron absorption is
reduced.
IRON (Fe)
iron that
is found only in meat, fish and poultry
heme
iron found in cereals and
vegetables.
non-heme iron
■ Helps build and maintain blood supply
■ Give healthy red color to the blood
■ Prevents simple anemia.
IRON
High iron stores leading to iron toxicity like
hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis.
■ Essential trace mineral necessary for
survival.
■ Plays a role in making red blood cells and
maintaining nerve cells and the immune
system.
■ It also helps the body form collagen and
absorb iron, and plays a role in energy
production.
COPPER (Cu)
■ Helps the body to use iron
■ Helps build hemoglobin in the blood
■ Takes part in the metabolism of ascorbic
acid in the body
■ Helps the body use fatty acids
COPPER (Cu)
– a genetic disorder in
which excess copper builds up in the body.
Wilson’s Disease
● Symptoms – related to the brain
and liver:
○ Vomiting
○ Weakeness
○ Fluid build-up in the
abdomen
○ Swelling of the legs
○ Yellowish skin and
itchiness
Wilson’s Disease
■ Mineral component of the hormone
thyroxine
IODINE (I)
■ Helps in normal functioning of the thyroid
gland in regulating energy metabolism
■ Helps in protein synthesis, tissue growth
and reproduction, and prevents goiter.
IODINE (I)
– mental and physical
retardation accompanied by irreversible
hearing and speech problem due to
insufficient of iodine intake by the mother
during pregnancy
Cretinism
– experience by adults who
had problem with low iodine throughout
their childhood and adolescence, and
increased risk of abortion, stillbirths,
miscarriage and infant deaths
Myxedema
LACKING OF - RESULTS TO:
■ Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
■ Painful swallowing
■ Cretinism
■ Myxedema
IODINE
■ A mineral constituents of vitamin B1,
contributes to many bodily functions,
including the metabolism of amino acids,
cholesterol, glucose, and carbohydrates.
MANGANESE (Mn)
■ The human body cannot produce
manganese, but it can store it in the -
■ A person usually obtains manganese from
their diet.
liver,
pancreas, bones, kidneys, and brain.
