NDT MIDTERMS [DECK 1] Flashcards
means big – big nutrients.
○ the main nutrients that make up the foods we eat.
○ Nutrients required in large amounts that provide the
energy needed to maintain body functions and carry
out the activities of daily life.
Macronutrients
are essential elements needed by life
in small quantities.
○ Just like water do not provide
energy, however, the body need adequate amount
to ensure that all body cells function properly.
○ can only be obtained from the
food in which we eat.
Micronutrients
CARBOHYDRATES kind of nutrient
MACRONUTRIENTS
Considered as the primary source of fuel for the brain and the
rest of the body.
CARBOHYDRATES
50% - 70% of total energy requirement
CARBOHYDRATES
1 gram CHO = __ calories upon complete hydrolysis
4
Has sugars (composed mainly of SUGARS)
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES is an Organic compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
“saccharide” meaning
starches and sugars
CARBOHYDRATES Derived from the Greek word
saccharide
Chiefly found in plants and produced by the process of
photosynthesis from H2O, CO2, and sun
CARBOHYDRATES
The building blocks are called
monosaccharide.
The digestion begin in the mouth with salivary amylase
released during the process of - and are absorbed
across the membrane of the small intestine and transported to
the liver distributed to the rest of the body.
chewing
The absorption process begins around - hours after eating
3-6
simplest form of sugar
Monosaccharides
Considered as the simplest form of sugar of sugar
which is small molecules that require little or no
digestion before they can be used by the body and
the source is the digestive end product of lactose
hydrolysis.
Monosaccharides
Glucose is a CARBOHYDRATES under
Monosaccharides
Physiologic sugar
Glucose
blood sugar
Glucose
dextrose
Glucose
grape sugar
Glucose
principal form used by the
body
Glucose
Moderately sweet sugar
Glucose
Glucose works for
brain, nerve cells, RBC
Stores last for only hours
Glucose
a process where
protein is converted to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
less available CHO for energy –
more fats to be broken down – form
ketone bodies.
Ketosis
Glucose Sources
fruits, sweet corn,
corn syrup
red
Lycopene
Carotene
orange, yellow
Anthocyanin
blue, violet
Cruciferae
green, white
Fructose is a CARBOHYDRATES under
Monosaccharides
“Fruit sugar”
Fructose
sweetest of all sugar
Fructose
“levulose”
Fructose
Fructose Sources:
Ripe fruits and honey
Galactose is a CARBOHYDRATES under
Monosaccharides
Not found in nature, not found in free
foods
Galactose
Produced from lactose (milk sugar) by
digestion and is converted to glucose
Galactose
infants born with an
inability to metabolize galactose
Galactosemia
Newborn Screening
Test
RA 9288
two sugar molecules carbohydrate
Disaccharides
Sucrose is a carbohydrate under
Disaccharides
Maltose is a carbohydrate under
Disaccharides
Lactose is a carbohydrate under
Disaccharides
Cane sugar
Sucrose
table sugar
Sucrose
“beet sugar”
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
Sucrose
“Malt sugar”
Maltose
Derived from the digestion of starch
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Maltose
“Milk sugar”
Lactose
Least sweet among sugars
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Lactose
Lactose Source:
milk and milk products
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
contains many
monosaccharides linked together.
Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides
Starch is a carbohydrate under
Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides
Dextrin is a carbohydrate under
Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides
Glycogen is a carbohydrate under
Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides
Fibers is a carbohydrate under
Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides
Storage form of carbohydrates in plants
Starch
Supply energy for a long period
Starch
Starch source
Cereal grain, rice, wheat
Derived from dextrose (glucose).
Dextrin
a low-molecular-weight
carbohydrate produced from the
hydrolysis of starches.
Dextrin
An intermediate product of starch
digestion plus acid with application of heat
of 150-200°C.
Dextrin
maltose + 2 glucose
units.
Dextrin
used in many glue products due
to its adhesive qualities and safety.
Dextrin
The indigestible form of - is often
used as a fiber supplement.
Dextrin
“Animal starch”
Glycogen
Storage form of CHO in the body found in
the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
supplies energy directly
to surrounding tissues during work and
exercise.
Muscle glycogen
Liver glycogen is converted to glucose to
be used in the body through the process
called
“glycogenolysis.”
Glycogen source
liver, oysters, muscle meat
glycogen storage disease (GSD) other names
glycogenosis and dextrinosis
metabolic disorder caused by enzyme
deficiencies affecting either glycogen
synthesis, glycogen breakdown, or
glycolysis (glucose breakdown), typically
within muscles and/or liver cells.
glycogen storage disease
GSD has
two classes of causes:
Genetic and
Acquired.
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) or
von Gierke disease
most common of
the glycogen storage disease. This genetic
disease results from the deficiency of the
enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase, and has
an incidence in the American population of
approximately 1 in 50,000 to 100,000
births.
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I)
confirmatory test of Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I)
Liver Biopsy
“Roughage” because the formed bulk of
the diet
Fibers
Act as a broom in our digestive tract
Fibers
Indigestible part of the food and primary
constituent of the plant cell wall.
Fibers
● Not digested by humans due to lack of an
enzyme that will split or break it.
Fibers
Fibers Requirement g/day
20-35
Chief source of energy, protein sparing
CARBOHYDRATES
● Supplies energy to the body
● Takes part in building body tissues to some limited extent
● Regulator of intestinal peristalsis and provider of bulk
CARBOHYDRATES
acute carbohydrate energy
Hypoglycemia
● Dental caries
● Obesity/overweight
● Diabetes mellitus
● Gas formation
EXCESSIVE intake of
CARBOHYDRATE
increase fibers, low
fats, and added sugar
Promote weight loss/weight control
high in
carbohydrates
Protect against heart disease, stroke, cancer
high in carbohydrates and low fats
Fight against diabetes
increase gibers, enhance
healthy large intestine.
Promote gastrointestinal health
PROTEINS kind of nutrient
macronutrient
It is an organic compound containing C,H,O,N
PROTEINS
PROTEINS derived
from the Greek word -
“proteios”
protein greek word meaning
to hold first place or
is the prime importance.
