BIOETHICS MIDTERMS [DECK 2] Flashcards
Does not understand concept of death, believes death is reversible, temporary departure or sleep.
Infancy to 5 years
Understand death is FINAL, believes death CAN BE AVOIDED, believes wishes and unrelated actions can be responsible for death
5 to 9 years
Begin to understand own mortality, expressed in after life and fear of death.
9 to 12 years
○May still hold concept from previous developmental stages, may seem to reach “adult” perception of death but be emotionally unable to accept it.
12 to 18 years
○Has attitude towards death influenced by religious and cultural beliefs.
18 to 45 years
Accept own mortality, encounters death of parents some peers experiences.
45 to 65 years
Fears prolonged illness, sees death as having multiple meaning, (eg. freedom from pain, reunion with already diseases family member).
65 years and above
○It is translated from Latin as “cold death” and describes the postmortem temperature
○change after someone has died. It falls 1.8F per hour until it reaches room temperature.
Algor Mortis
○It is refers to the stiffness of the body that occurs 2 to 4 hours after the death of a person. It starts with the involuntary muscles (heart, bladder and so on).
Rigor Mortis
○It is refers to skin becomes discolored
and looses its elasticity, tissues become soft.
Livor Mortis
Etymologically euthanasia means
“easy death”
a.The practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering.
b.The painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma.
c.It refers to the situation when a doctor induces the death with a lethal injection, of a patient who is suffering unrelievably and has persistently requested the doctor to do so.
EUTHANASIA
●More strictly, it means painless and peaceful death: it is deliberate putting to death in an easy, painless way, of an individual suffering from an incurable and agonizing disease.
EUTHANASIA
●consists of depositing a man’s semen in the vagina, cervical canal or uterus through the use of instruments to bring about conception unattained or unattainable by sexual intercourse.
Artificial insemination (AI)
○It means that doctors insert sperm inside the uterus to achieve pregnancy.
Artificial insemination (AI)
the introduction of sperm into a female’s reproductive system for the purpose of impregnating, also called fertilizing, the female for sexual reproduction.
Insemination
○The deliberate introduction of sperm into a female’s uterus or cervix through in vitro fertilization.
Artificial insemination
artificial insemination by husband (AIH)
Homologous insemination
artificial insemination by donor (AID)
Heterologous insemination
“Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012”
R.A 10354
Child is considered legitimate even if the wife was artificially inseminated with the sperm of a donor
Article 164 of the Family Code
While not required, the doctor may prescribe fertility drugs like - before the artificial insemination procedure.
Clomid or gonadotropins/injectables
○The easiest and most common insemination technique.
INTRACERVICAL INSEMINATION (ICI)
○Involves injection of unwashed or raw semen into the cervix with a needleless syringe.
○When performed at home without the presence of a professional this procedure is sometimes referred to as intravaginal insemination (IVI).
●INTRACERVICAL INSEMINATION (ICI)
○A more efficient method of artificial insemination.
○Involves injection of washed sperm into the uterus with a catheter.
○Normally requires a medical practitioner to perform the procedure.
●INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI)
○Involves injection of wasted sperm into both the uterus and fallopian tubes.
●INTRAUTERINE TUBOPERITONEAL INSEMINATION (IUTPI)
○Involves injection of washed sperm into the
fallopian tube.
●INTRATUBAL INSEMINATION (ITI)
●A procedure that encompasses the process of fertilizing an egg within the female reproductive tract, mirroring the natural fertilization process that transpires within the human body.
IN VIVO FERTILIZATION
●It comes from the Latin “in (something) living.
●A procedure that is done on (or in) a living organism, such as a laboratory animal or human.
IN VIVO FERTILIZATION
●One or more eggs are surgically removed from a woman’s ovary, fertilized with her husband’s sperm in a laboratory dish and developed in the dish for a few days after which a tiny embryo is transferred into the woman’s uterus in the hope that pregnancy will proceed normally.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
○A procedure that simply means ‘in glass’, meaning, these tests are typically conducted in test tubes or in laboratory dishes.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
The average cost of IVF is around
₱200,000 ($ 4,000)
●It promotes the wrong attitude of the child being a product and not a gift.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
describes a medical experiment or a test that is performed on a living organism, e.g. a human being or a laboratory animal.
●IN VIVO
a medical experiment or a study that is
performed ONLY in a laboratory dish or a test tube.
●IN VITRO
○Fertilization of a ripe egg WITHIN the uterus of a fertile donor female.
●VIVO FERTILIZATION
○A process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body.
○ “in glass”.
VITRO FERTILIZATION
the carrying of a pregnancy for intended parents.
surrogacy arrangement or surrogacy agreement
a substitute or deputy for another person in a specific role
SURROGATE
■a type of pregnancy in which a woman carries and gives birth to a baby for a person who is not able to have children.
SURROGATE PREGNANCY
sometimes referred to as surrogate partners, are practitioners trained in addressing issues of intimacy and sexuality. A surrogate partner works in collaboration with a therapist to meet the goals of their client.
SEXUAL SURROGATES
■describes the arrangement where a woman is infertile or dies young and her family substitutes another woman to bear children for the husband.
SURROGATE MARRIAGE
○a woman who agrees to carry a pregnancy to term for a subfertile couple.
surrogate mother
○“Surrogate” means substitute.
○Came from the Latin word -which translates to “in place of another.”
surrogatus
The child is not biologically related to the surrogate mother, who is often referred to as a gestational carrier. Instead, the embryo is created via in vitro fertilization (IVF), using the eggs and sperm of the intended parents or donors, and is then transferred to the surrogate
GESTATIONAL SURROGACY
○A biomedical technique whereby a fertilized ovum is implanted to the uterus of another woman who will carry the baby to term either as a favor or for free.
●SURROGATE MOTHERS
This form of surrogacy is sometimes also called “host surrogacy” or “full surrogacy”.
GESTATIONAL SURROGACY
○With this type of surrogacy, the surrogate’s eggs are not used at all; therefore, the child will not be related to the surrogate biologically.
○The embryo is created by using both the biological father’s sperm and the biological mother’s egg through a process called in vitro fertilization.
GESTATIONAL SURROGACY
●The surrogate mother uses her own egg and is artificially inseminated using sperm from the intended father or a donor.
●The surrogate carries and delivers the baby, and then, because she is the child’s biological mother, must relinquish her parental rights so that the child can be raised by the intended parents.
TRADITIONAL SURROGACY
●called partial surrogacy or genetic surrogacy because of the surrogate’s biological link to the child she carries.
TRADITIONAL SURROGACY
■A woman whose contribution to the child was the ovum, and hence genes.
Genetic Mother
■A woman whose uterus was used for the nurturing and development of an embryo into a baby.
Gestational Mother
■A woman who rears the baby after birth.
Social Mother
○In this type of surrogacy, the surrogate mother is not paid for her ‘service’.
○She ‘offers her womb’ as an act of ‘altruism’. Often there will be a pre-established bond between the surrogate mother and the expecting couple.
○Typically the surrogate mother is a friend or a relative.
●ALTRUISTIC SURROGACY
○In commercial surrogacy the surrogate mother receives compensation for carrying the child.
○Often there will be a mediating party, a surrogacy agency that deals with all the practical arrangements for the commissioning couple: finding a suitable surrogate mother and dealing with all the paperwork etc.
●COMMERCIAL SURROGACY
Surrogacy is simply one of those that saves families
(Ling, 2012).
●Surrogate motherhood is just a fancy word for making and selling babies.
(Yu, 2012).
COUNTRIES WHERE SURROGACY IS LEGAL
●USA, Georgia, Greece, Ukraine, Mexico, Australia, Columbia, China, India, Kazakhstan, UK, Nigeria, Thailand.
ABORTION From Latin - , from aboriri to miscarry, from ab — wrongly, badly.
abortāre
●Defined simply by the Collins Australian Dictionary as the ‘premature termination of a pregnancy by either spontaneous or induced expulsion of a nonviable fetus from a uterus’.
ABORTION
○It refers to the expulsion of a living fetus from a mother’s womb before it is viable.
○It is when a pregnancy is ended so that it doesn’t result in the birth of a child.
○Termination of pregnancy.
ABORTION
24 COUNTRIES WHERE ABORTION IS ILLEGAL OR PROHIBITED
○Africa, Andorra, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Iraq, Jamaica, Laos, Madagascar, Malta, Mauritania, Nicaragua, Palau, Philippines, Republic of the Congo, San Marino, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Suriname and UAE.
“The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.”
Article 2, Section 12 of the 1986 Philippine Constitution
○mandate imprisonment for the woman who undergoes the abortion, as well as for any person who assists in the procedure, even if they are the woman’s parents, a physician or midwife.
Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (enacted in 1930 and remains in effect today.) Articles 256, 258 and 259 of the Code
○The removal of the product of conception through natural or accidental causes.
○In Layman’s terms, it is called a miscarriage.
○Abortion of this type however, is unintentional and involuntary; hence, it is devoid of moral significance. It assumes a moral bearing if and when it is voluntary.
●Natural/Spontaneous or Accidental Abortion
○Planned removal of the product of conception before it has become viable or survived.
●Direct or Intentional Abortion
○Planned removal of a living fetus inorder to save the mother from death or harm caused by medical problems.
Therapeutic Abortion
Permit abortion, so long as it is procured while ‘the embryo is unformed in human shape’.
Muslim Culture
Japan - Did not introduce anti-abortion laws until the
Meiji Restoration (1869–1912)
2019, abortion legalized
Iceland, Ireland
2020, abortion legalized
New Zealand
2021, abortion legalized
Argentina, South Korea, Thailand
2022, abortion legalized
Columba, San Marino
Legalized abortion in the 1970s.
New York
Legalized abortion in 1983
Turkey
○This is done once they discover that the fetus has anatomical defects and cannot live outside the utero once delivered.
Eugenic/Selective Abortion
○meant to get rid of abnormal babies and decrease the occurrence of undesirable heritable characteristics. This is recommended in cases where certain defects are discovered in the developing fetus.
Eugenic/Selective Abortion
○The fetus will be removed as a secondary effect of a procedure done to save the life of the mother.
○In this case, the removal of the fetus occurs as the secondary effect of a legitimate or licit action, which is the direct and primary object of the intention. This is an instance of the double effect principle which applies to a situation where a good effect as well as an evil effect will result from a good cause.
●Indirect Abortion
A form of abortion in which the uterus is opened through an abdominal incision and the fetus is removed, similar to a cesarean section, but requiring a smaller incision
HYSTEROTOMY
●study of ethics in relation to human sexuality, and sexual behavior. It seeks to understand, evaluate, and critique the conduct of interpersonal relationships and sexual activities from social, cultural, and philosophical perspectives.
Sexual ethics or sex ethics (also sexual morality)
●defined as the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs, or surgical procedures.
Contraception
●refers to people’s sexual interest in and attraction to others, as well as their capacity to have erotic experiences and responses.
Human sexuality
●their emotional and sexual attraction to particular sexes or genders, which often shapes their sexuality.
is about who you’re attracted to and want to have relationships with. include gay, lesbian, straight, bisexual, and asexual.
Sexual orientation
may be experienced and expressed in a variety of ways, including thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles, and relationships.
Sexuality
●is the capacity to have erotic experiences and responses.
Human sexuality
●a multidimensional phenomenon that includes feelings, attitudes, and actions. It has both biologic and cultural components. It encompasses and gives direction to a person’s physical, emotional, social, and intellectual responses throughout life.
Sexuality
●may be experienced and expressed in a variety of ways, including through thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles and relationships, which may manifest by way of biological, physical, emotional, or spiritual aspects.
Sexuality
●attracted to individuals of the opposite sex
(straight). A person who finds sexual fulfillment with a member of the opposite gender.
Heterosexual
●attracted to individuals of the same sex. A person who finds sexual fulfillment with a member of his or her own sex. Many homosexual men prefer to use the term “gay.” “Lesbian” refers to a homosexual woman. More recent terms are “men who have sex with men” (abbreviated as “MWM”) and “women who have sex with women” (WWW)
Homosexual
●attracted to both sexes. People are said to be bisexual if they achieve sexual satisfaction from both homosexual and heterosexual relationships.
Bisexual
●attracted to the same or both sexes and/or transgendered individuals
Queer
not experiencing sexual attractions
Asexual
is attracted – either emotionally, physically, or both – to all genders.
Pansexual
●molded to be the opposite sex. an individual who, although of one biologic gender, feels as if he or she is of the opposite gender. Such people may have sex change operations so that they appear cosmetically as the gender they feel that they are. Desires to permanently transition to the sex gender or gender with which they identify.
Transexuality
is sexual activity practiced by persons who are unmarried. Historically, premarital sex was considered a moral issue which was taboo in many cultures and considered a sin by a number of religions, but since about the 1960s, it has become more widely accepted, especially in Western countries.
Premarital Sex
5 ASPECTS OF HUMAN SEXUALITY:
1.Sexualization
2.Intimacy
3.Sensulaity
4.Sexual Identity
5.Sexual Health and Reproduction
Long-enduring relationships require
●commitment, fidelity, reciprocity, forgiveness, and generativity.
(also known as gay marriage) is marriage between two people of the same sex. Legal recognition of same-sex marriage or the possibility to perform a same-sex marriage is sometimes referred to as marriage equality or equal marriage, particularly by supporters.
Same-Sex Marriage
is the sexual stimulation of one’s own genitals for sexual arousalor other sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm.
Masturbation
the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. Pornography may be presented in a variety of media, including books, magazines, postcards, photographs, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, and video games.
Pornography
is the business or practice of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for payment or some other benefit. Prostitution is sometimes described as commercial sex.
Prostitution
●a formal union and social and legal contract between two individuals that unites their lives legally, economically, and emotionally.
MARRIAGE
marriage is defined as a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered in accordance with law for establishment of conjugal and family life (Udan JQ, HCE 2023).
Family Code of the Philippines (FC)
● occurs when a married person engages in sexual activity with someone other than their spouse.
Extra Marital Sex
an act committed by a married woman who engages in sexual intercourse with a man other than her husband.
Where extramarital sexual relations do breach a sexual norm, it may be referred to as
adultery
sexual acts between a married person and a person other than the spouse
non-monogamy
sexual acts between unmarried people
fornication
● Succession of marriages over time. Typical of US marriages.
Serial Monogamy or Modified Polygamy
Marrying another person while still married to someone else. It is against the law.
Bigamy
more than one wife or husband. Example: Islam & Fundamental Mormons
Polygamy
