BIOETHICS MIDTERMS [DECK 1] Flashcards
The branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong.
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
The branch of philosophy that examines beliefs and assumptions about certain human values.
MORAL PHILOSOPHY
Guidelines that people live by to make sure they are doing the right thing. These include things like honesty, fairness, and equality.
MORAL PRINCIPLES
Is the practical application of moral philosophy; that is, given the moral context of good or bad, right or
wrong, “What should I do in this situation?”
ETHICS
Rationalist view that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act rather than the
consequences that occur as a result of it
DEONTOLOGY
If the client asks the nurse to promise to tell
the truth regarding her diagnosis and prognosis, the nurse is duty bound to keep this promise.
DEONTOLOGY
Principle often associated with philosopher Immanuel Kant. follow universal moral laws, such as: “Don’t lie. Don’t kill. Don’t steal. Don’t cheat.”
DEONTOLOGY
One must act for the sake of duty or obligation.
DEONTOLOGY
It is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm.
UTILITARIANISM
evaluate the morality of
actions in terms of progress toward a goal or end. The consequences of the action are what matter, not their intent.
CONSEQUENTIALISM/TELEOLOGY
Is the view that morality is all about producing the right kinds
of overall consequences.
CONSEQUENTIALISM/TELEOLOGY
sometimes called character ethics, represents the idea that individuals’ actions are based upon a certain degree of innate moral virtue.
Virtue ethics
The Nightingale Pledge, composed by
Lystra Gretter
Innate human nature to accept the beliefs and practices that
surround them.
BIOETHICS
Different factors that has INFLUENCED MORALITY IN NURSING:
○ Social need
○ Religion
○ Philosophy
The prevailing standards of behavior that enable people to live cooperatively in groups.
MORAL
Refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable
MORAL
It is the human attempt to define what is right and wrong in thought and behavior, resulting in a system or set of ideas about, and the basis of any individual or community belief in what constitutes good behavior or proper conduct
MORALITY
It is an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man.
HUMAN ACTS
Man knows what he is doing and freely chooses to do what he does
HUMAN ACTS
for an act to be human, it must have:
○ Knowledge
○ Freedom
○ Voluntariness
It is the power of a sentient being to exercise its will.
FREEDOM
To do or leave it undone without coercion or constraint.
● FREEDOM
It is a power of the will or of motivation to get us to act as willed.
CONSCIENCE/VOLUNTARINESS
An ethical theory that claims that humans are born with a certain moral compass that guides behaviors.
Natural Law
Refers to non-criminal law. This system of law has to do with interactions between members of a community, and it covers divorce, property rights, contracts, and other conflicts between people.
Civil Law
- A science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from the moment of its conception to its natural end
BIOETHICS
It is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity.
Code of Ethics
deals with complete and systematic body of factual and empirical data and reasoning
SCIENCE
Actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect and will.
ACTS OF MAN
It is the person’s most secret sanctuary where he/she is alone with God.
CONSCIENCE/VOLUNTARINESS
- DELIBERATE
- FREE
- HOW ONE PERSON SHOULD ACT
HUMAN CONDUCT
- deals with respect for life, freedom, love
- issues that provokes conscience
- issues that responds to ought, should, right, wrong, good, bad and complicated
MORAL ISSUES
- is the field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision-making situations that relates to human health
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
- examines the rational justification for our moral judgments; it studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust.
ETHICS
reflects on human beings and their interaction with nature and with other humans, on freedom, on responsibility and on justice.
ETHICS
THE PERSON
- Biblical created in the image and likeness of God; differing from animals due to possession of
spiritual intelligence and free will.
- God produces the human body through the cooperation of human parents; the creation of the human soul is a
direct act of God
- It is always a well justified true belief —any well justified true belief of what it is about and what it means
KNOWLEDGE
- Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject:
KNOWLEDGE
- Awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation
KNOWLEDGE
- it implies voluntariness which is to rationally choose by deliberate will the object
FREEDOM
- The capacity to make practical judgement in matters involving ethical issues;
VOLUNTARINESS/CONSCIENCE
He argues that the human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience; and that human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality
IMMANUEL KANT
most important political philosopher of the 20th century
JOHN BORDLEY RAWL
“First Principles Of Action.”
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
care, caution, and good judgment, as well as wisdom
PRUDENCE
moderation in action, thought, or feeling
TEMPERANCE
strength of mind that enables a person to encounter danger or bear pain
FORTITUDE
right, goodness, equity.
- “Do good, avoid evil”
JUSTICE
THREE DETERMINANTS OF MORAL ACTION
OBJECT, CIRCUMSTANCES, END OF THE AGENT
situation in which a good and evil effect will result
- Principle of totality
- DOUBLE EFFECT PRINCIPLES
holds that virtue has the highest value while pleasure has the lowest value
WILLIAM DAVID ROSS
a duty that is binding (obligatory)
PRIMA FACIE
- “Moral Intuitionist” Theory
WILLIAM DAVID ROSS
“If we live, we live for the Lord, and if we die, we die for the
Lord. Therefore, whether we live or die, we belong to God.
Romans 14: 8
Means that the proposed therapy should not be performed
because available data show that it will not improve the
patient’s medical condition.
MEDICAL FUTILITY
(DNR)
DO NOT RESUSCITATE
in the event of cardiac arrest, no CPR or electric shock will be performed to restart the heart
Do Not Resuscitate
no breathing tube will be placed in the throat in the event of breathing difficulty or respiratory arrest.
Do Not Intubate
●the practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill person in the last hours or days of the dying patient’s life, usually by means of a continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of a sedative drug, or by means of a specialized catheter designed to provide comfortable and discreet administration of ongoing medications via the rectal route.
palliative sedation
●option of last resort for patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled by any other means. It is not a form of euthanasia, as the goal is to control symptoms, rather than to shorten the patient’s life.
palliative sedation
An advance decision allows an individual to provide instructions for future medical care and treatment while still capable of making decisions for themselves and provides an opportunity for an individual to discuss treatment opportunities with healthcare professionals, including medical staff as well, as to discuss and resolve difficult issues with family and friends.
Advance Directive
Advance Directive also known as
Living Will, or Healthcare Directive
●a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity.
Advance Directive
● written, legally-recognized documents that state your choices about health-care treatment or name someone to make such choices for you if you are not able to do so (Reyes, 2010).
Advance directives
●more restricted type of advance directive because you only make decisions about life-sustaining procedures in the event that your death from a terminal condition is impending.
LIVING WILL (HEALTH-CARE DIRECTIVES)
This is a living document that allows a person to state whether he or she wants his or her life artificially prolonged under certain conditions.
LIVING WILL
must be signed by the patient and witnessed by two persons.
health-care directive
●Is a document (legal document) with which a patient appoints an agent to legally make health care decisions on behalf of the patient when he or she is incapable of making and executing healthcare decisions stipulated in the proxy.
HEALTH CARE PROXY
●written authorization to represent or act on another’s behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter, sometimes against the wishes of the other.
POWER OF ATTORNEY
If the treatment provided clearly overcomes the expected prognosis retarding the process of dying and prolonging the agony and suffering of the patient, than it seems clear that it is a case of
DYSTHANASIA
Dysthanasia from Greek
dysthanatos
●Refers to undue prolongation of life and delay of the occurrence of death which in effect lengthens the suffering of the person.
Dysthanasia
slow and painful death without quality of life. “bad death.”
Dysthanasia
●used for the first time in the
1950s.
●It means dying, or allowing to die or letting die.
orthothanasia
●“Correct death”
orthothanasia
is defined as cessation of neurologic function.
Brain Death
Euthanasia is legal in three countries worldwide
Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands.
●practiced in the Netherlands where about __ of all deaths were a result of physician- assisted suicide or euthanasia in 1990.
9%
As human beings, we are endowed with the freedom of choice, and we cannot shuffle off our responsibility upon the shoulders of God or nature. We must shoulder it ourselves. It is our responsibility.”
Arnold J. Toynbee
● the direct and willful destruction of one’s own life.
SUICIDE
○Refers to cases where the person who is going to die needs help to kill themselves and asks for it.
●PHYSISCIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE
○In which the terminally ill patient will deliberately, or directly terminate his/her life by employing painless methods – it is an act of commission as it is voluntary and deliberate.
active (positive) euthanasia
○Is when death is brought about by an act.
active (positive) euthanasia
○Means ending life of a suffering person on his own request by another person, mostly doctor, and most of the time by lethal injection.
active (positive) euthanasia
○Allows oneself to die without taking any medications or by refusing medical treatment it is an act of omission as one simply refuses to take anything to sustain life.
Passive (negative) euthanasia
The patient dies because the medical professionals either don’t do something necessary to keep the patient alive, or when they stop doing something that is keeping the patient alive.
Passive (negative) euthanasia
■switching off a machine that is keeping a person alive so that they die of their disease.
Withdrawing Treatment
■not carrying out surgery that will extend life for a short time.
Withholding Treatment
○Euthanasia made with the consent of patient.
Voluntary Euthanasia
○Euthanasia made with the consent of patient.
○Is committed with the willing and autonomous cooperation of the subject. This means that the subject is free from direct or indirect pressure from others.
●Voluntary Euthanasia
○Euthanasia when the person is unconscious or otherwise unable to make a meaningful choice between living and dying.
Non-Voluntary Euthanasia
○Occurs when the person who dies chooses life and is killed anyway.
○This is usually called murder, but it is possible to imagine cases where the killing would count as being for the benefit of the person who dies.
●Involuntary Euthanasia
●Is one in which either a physician, a spouse or a friend of a patient will terminate the patient’s life upon his/her request.
ACTIVE AND VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Is one in which the terminally ill patient is simply allowed to die by the physician, spouse, or an immediate relative upon the patient’s request.
PASSIVE AND VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
●Occurs when it is the physician, spouse, friend, or relative who decides that the life of the terminally ill patient should be terminated.
ACTIVE AND NON-VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
●Is one in which a terminally ill patient is simply allowed to die, as requested by immediate family members or the attending physician.
PASSIVE AND NON-VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
●The end of life of an organism or cell, in human and animals.
●It is manifested by the permanent cessation of vital organic functions (including heart beat, spontaneous breathing and brain activity.
●It is defined as the irreversible cessation of all vital functions
●especially heart, respiration, and higher brain function.
DEATH
means approaching death
Dying
