NB3-7 - Human Development 3 and DLAs Flashcards
What are the 4 major tenants for Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning?
- People develop morality in stages that are qualitatively different ways of thinking
- People progress through the stages in an invariant sequence (people cannot skip a stage but they can regress)
- People progress form a more ego-centric way of thinking to a more ethical/societal way of thinking. They do this in a hierarchical
- People progress through these stages in a similar way across genders and cultures
What is the most famous dilemma used to demonstrate moral reasoning?
The Heinz Dilemma, the final question of which is, “Should Heinz have broken into the pharmacy to steal the drug to save his wife?”
List the levels and stages of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning.
- Preconventional - reasoning based on personal benefit
- Punishment Orientation - avoid punishment
- Reward Orientation - get rewards/favors
- Conventional - reasoning based on fulfilling the expectations of others
- Be a Good Person - avoid societal disapproval
- Authority Orientation - uphold social rules to avoid censure and guilt
- Postconventional - reasoning based on strict adherence to personal principles
- Social Contract Orientation - less concerned with laws and more concerned with principles that make for a good society and changing laws to reflect that
- Ethical Principle Orientation - actions guided by self-chosen ethical principles
F
The student acted on his own beliefs despite the beliefs of the scientific culture.
When do our physical abilities start to gradually decline? When do they start to rapidly decline?
Gradual decline starts at 30
Rapid decline starts at 70
Describe how white matter, grey matter, and CSF volume changes as we age into seniority?
White matter volume increases until 40 and starts to slowly decline
Grey matter volume shows a steady decline across the life span
CSF volume sharply increases past 60 years of age
Why does CSF volume sharply increase after 60?
Because the brain is also beginning to atrophy
Describe the major age related cognitive changes
- Fluid cognition (attention, working memory, processing speed) increases in early adulthood and then declines throughout middle to late adulthood.
- Crystallized knowledge (vocabulary, reading) increases in early adulthood and generally plateaus throughout middle and late adulthood
What protects against age related cognitive decline?
A persons cognitive reserve which is the result of increased education throughout life
E
What are the major needs of a dying person?
- To control pain
- To maintain dignity
- To receive love and affection
Describe the 5 stages of dying and the physicians role in each of them.
- Denial - resistance to reality of impending death. Physician should make it known that their door is open.
- Anger - resentment towards many different targets. Physician should not take any personal attacks personally
- Bargaining - tries to find ways to extend life. Physician should not give patient false hope.
- Depression - realization of unavoidable death. Physician should do whatever they can to comfort the patient.
- Acceptance - physician has done their job if they can get the patient here.
C
What is palliative care and what usually triggers this type of care to begin?
Palliative care is focused on improving the quality of life of a patient by providing relief from physical symptoms and suffering. The typical triggers for a palliative care consult are as follows:
- Increasing suffering with poor prognosis
- Descreasing response to aggressive treatment
- Imminent death
What is hospice care and how does it differ from palliative care?
With palliative care, diagnosis and treatment of the illness will continue. With hospice care, all attempts to cure a person are suspended and all focus is on helping the patient live as an individual and to help them die with as little discomfort and as much serenity as possible.
