NB3-6 - DLAs

Question 1

What are Piaget’s three principles of cognitive development?

Answer 1

1. Children are active learners
2. Learnign is hierarchical, children cannot advance to the next stage of learning until the former is mastered
3. Maturation of cognitive skills occurs as a result of an interaction between brain maturation and environmental input

Question 2

Describe Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development.

Answer 2

• Known as the Sensorimotor Stage
• Occurs from birth to ~2yo
• Consists of three reaction
  
  • Primary Circular Reactions - reflex actions and responses both involve baby’s own body (ie - sucking thumb)
  • Secondary Circular Reactions - actions and responses involving other person or object. When the baby gets a favorable response from the person or object it will repeat the action; beginning the learning of cause and effect relationships
  • Tertiary Circular Reations - babies begin to learn that different actions achieve the same result leading to them planning actions (ie - squeeze a squeaky instead of stepping on it).

Question 3

Describe Piaget’s Second Stage of Cognitive Development

Answer 3

• Known as the Preoperational or Pre-logical Stage
• Occurs between 2-7 years of age
• Babies begin to learn that objects can be represented by words or images which sets the basis for language development and is the beginning of symbolic thinking. This will lead to pretend play and allow then to believe fictional characters are real
• Egocentric thought
• Lack of compensation abilities - baby only pays attention to a single obvious feature without considering other features

Question 4

How did Piaget demonstrate that children in the Preoperational stage of cognitive development lacked compensation abilities?

Answer 4

Without compensation abilities, a child cannot understand that a given amount of a substance remains the same even when its form has changed. Piaget demonstrated this by having kids answer “less, same, or more” questions about fluids in different glasses, smashed putty, and spread out rows of buttons.

Question 5

Decribe Piaget’s Third Stage of Cognitive Development.

Answer 5

• Known as the Concrete Operational or Logical Stage
• Occurs from ages 7 to 12
• Ability to logically consider more than one dimension at a time (compensation)
• Children can explain cause and effect relationships
• Children can mentally manipulate objects and processes, allowing for enhanced arithmetic learning
• Less egocentric and more aware of the needs and wants of others
• Logic is based solely on concrete items. Cannot understand abstract logic yet.

Question 6

Describe Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Cognitive Development.

Answer 6

• Known as the Formal Operational or Abstract Stage
• Begins at 12 and continues throughout adulthood
• Abstrict thinking, hypothesizing, and higher order thinking develops.

Question 7

Provide an example of a test that can distinguish between a child in the concrete operational or formal operational stage.

Answer 7

Tell them that if you hit a glass with a feather, it will break. Then tell them that a glass was hit with a feather and ask them what happened to the glass.

A child in the concreate operational phase would say nothing happeneded while a child in the formal operational stage would say the glass broke.

Question 8

What four major cognitive traits change from the beginning to end of cognitive development?

Answer 8

Beginning - concrete logic, sensory-bound, reactive, and single-minded

End - abstract logic, symbolic, goal-oriented, and multi-tasker

Question 9

List the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development.

Answer 9

1. Trust vs Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. Identity vs Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Generativity vs Stagnation
8. Integrity vs Despair

Question 10

When does the 1st stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 10

The “Trust vs Mistrust” stage occurs from birth to 1yo. If the baby’s needs are dependably met then infants will develop a basic sense of trust. If they are not, the infant will be mistrusting of the world.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Hope”

Question 11

TWhen does the 2nd stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 11

The “Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt” stage occurs from 1-3 years of age. During this stage, toddlers learn about their bodies (potty training, feeding, etc), how to do things for themselves, and how to exercise their own will. If they are taught well and receive validation for their successes, the child will develop a sense of confidence and autonomy. If this does not occur, the child will develop a sense of shame and doubt itself.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Will”

Question 12

Why is the physician’s role important to a child in Erickson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 12

The physician should educate the parents about the importance of this stage and direct them to encourage the child to explore and try things on their own; and provide validation

Question 13

When does the 3rd stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 13

The “Initiative vs Guilt” stage occurs between the ages of 3 and 6. During this period, language and imagination have developed and kids are tempted to try new things. The child will develop a sense of purpose and have initiative if they receive validation from their parents. If not, they will develop a sense of guilt/shame over their thoughts/actions and could lose the confidence to plan actions in the future.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Purpose”

Question 14

Why is the physicians role important to a child in Erickson’s 3rd stage of psychosocial development

Answer 14

It is important that the physician counsels the parents about the importance of positive reinforcement.

Question 15

When does the 4th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 15

The “Competence vs Inferiority” stage occurs from 6-12 years of age. Children become more aware of the world around them and begin to wonder if they can make it in this world. If the child receives recognition it will develop a sense of competence. If not, the child could develop an inferiority complex that persists throughout life.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Competence”

Question 16

Why is the physicians role important to a child in Erickson’s 4th stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 16

To inform the parents that it is important to not be overly critical and to find a school setting appropriate to the child’s needs.

Question 17

When does the 5th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 17

The “Identity vs Role Confusion” stage occurs from 12-20 years of age. During this period, children try to integrate learned social roles into an identity that is in line with their interests, values, and skills. Children will also seek a sense of fidelity to ideas and people (ie - an idol). If the child is allowed to test out different roles it will eventually integrate them into a single identity and will become more tolerant of the identities of others. If not, the child could become confused about who they are and become less accepting of those not like them.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Fidelity”

Question 18

Why is the physician’s role important to a child/young adult in Erikson’s 5th stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 18

The physician’s role is important to help teenagers integratge and accept their unique personality traits and interests into a cohesive sense of identity.

Question 19

When does the 6th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 19

The “Intimacy vs Isolation” stage occurs from 20-40 years of age. During this period, young adults seek to form closer relationships (both sexual and platonic) with other people. If they are successful they will develop a sense of love, confidence, and happiness. If not, they may begin to feel socially isolated.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Love”

Question 20

Why is the physician’s role important to young adults in the Erikson’s 6th stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 20

To help the patient understand their interpersonal schemas and how they might be getting in the way of their abilities to form relationships.

Question 21

When does the 7th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 21

The “Generativity vs Stagnation” stage occurs in the 40s-60s. Adults begin to search for a sense of meaning/purpose in their life. They usually try to achieve this by helping others or through work. If they feel their efforts have been successful then they will begin to feel satisfied with their lives. If not, they may begin to feel a sense of stagnation.

The ego strength gained in this stage is “Care”

Question 22

Why is the physician’s role important to those in Erikson’s 7th stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 22

To help the patient identify ways in which they can positively contribute to their community or to realize the ways in which they have already contributed.

Question 23

When does the 8th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development take place? What determines the outcomes of this stage?

Answer 23

The “Integrity vs Despair” stage occurs from 65 years of age until death. As people age, they tend to look back and think about how they’ve done. If they find they’ve lived a life of purpose, they will develop a sense of contentment. If not, they will develop a sense of despair.

The ego strenth gained in this stage is “Wisdom”

Question 24

Why is the physicians role important to those in Erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 24

The physician can help to reshape the narrative of a patient’s life. They can help them identify the ways in which their life was important to help them achieve a sense of contentment.