NB3-4 - Human Development 1 and DLAs Flashcards
List the various stages of life and their age ranges.
- Infant - 0-1 years
- Toddler - 1-3 years
- Early Childhood - 3-5 years
- Middle Childhood - 6-11 years
- Adolescence - 12-17 years
- Early Adulthood - 18-45 years
- Middle Adulthood - 45-64 years
- Late Adulthood - 65+ years
What does the term “attachment” mean?
The tendency of a baby to seek closeness both physically and emotionally to particular people in order to feel more safe.
What does a healthy infant attachment provide to a baby?
A secure base/safe haven that allows the child to feel safe exploring their environment.
Describe how the strange situation test was carried out and what researchers attempted to learn from it.
Infants around 12 months were placed in a toy filled room with their caregiver. A stranger then enters and the caregiver leaves. The caregiver then returns to comfort the baby and the stranger leaves. Then the caregiver leaves, leaving the baby alone.
The exit and return of the caregiver were the moments when the researchers learned about how children reacted to the absence of and comfort provided by the caregiver. From years of this study, researchers categorized 4 attachment styles that could be discerned based on the childs reaction to this test.
What are the attachment styles discoved by “The Strange Situation” trials?
- Securely Attached - child seeks interaction with mother upon her return
- Insecurely Attached/Anxious Avoidant - child avoids ineraction with her mother upon her return. Usually caused by neglect (comfort denied to child)
- Insecurely Attached/Anxious Resistant - child shows resistance when mother returns. Child may seek and then resist physical interaction. Usually caused by parental inconsistency.
- Insecurely Attached/Disorganized - child exhibits confusion when mother returns. Child may avoid, resist, or be fearful of mother. Usually caused by abuse or parental depression.
What are the possible effects of insecure attachment during early childhood?
- Social incompetence (withdrawn or frightened)
- More severe attachment deprivation can result in failure to thrive, shortened stature, cognitive delays, and mutism
- Traumatic and prolonged separations may result in anaclitic depression (reactive attachment disorder), in which the child becomes withdrawn and unresponsive.
What does the term “temperament” refer to and what influences temperament?
Temperament refers to the moderately stable psycho-biological profile that emerges during infancy and early childhood. Temperament is influenced by genetics and by early prenatal and postnatal environment.
List the relatively stable dimensions (traits) of temparament discovered by Chess & Thomas.
- Activity Level/Motor Activity
- Rhythmicity/Regularity of biological functions
- Approach to novel stimuli
- Adaptability to environmental change
- Intensity of reaction
- Threshold of responsiveness
- Mood - negative, neutral, positive
- Distractibility
- Attention span and persistence
What did Kagan discover during his studies of responses to novel stimuli?
- About 10%-20% of patients had high reactions to novel stimuli as a child and demonstrated crying and high motor activity. They also demonstrated a low amygdala response threshold. These children often grew to be inhibited, introverted, and novelty averse adults.
- About 30%-40% of patients had low reactions to novel stimuli as a child and were typically calm. These children often grew to be uninhibited, extroverted, and novelty seeking adults.
Which areas of the brain seem to be most important to a persons anxiety level? Explain. What is the most important take away lesson from knowing this.
- Amygdala - higher activity = higher anxiety
- Ventral Striatum (reward center) - higher activity = lower anxiety
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (emotion regulation) - higher activity - lower anxiety
This is a perfect example of how nature and nurture can be equally important to temperament. Genetics controls how these structures originally develop but exposures to certain environments early on shape their developments later on.
What are the different domains of human development? What aspects of each domain are most closely monitored?
- Physical - growth, motor skills, brain maturation
- Cognitive - thought/information processing and language acquisition
- Emotional/Affective - attachment and emotional development
- Social - interpersonal relationships, development of “self,” gender identity, moral development
Differentiate a nightmare from a sleep terror.
- Sleep terrors occur during non-REM sleep, affect autonomic function, and often cannot be remembered
- Nightmares occur during REM sleep, do not typically affect autonomic functions, and the child can often remember the dream.
Write out the APGAR table.
What does the APGAR score mean?
7-10 is normal
4-6 indicates a need of some kind of resuscitation
0-3 complete resuscitation required
What are the newborn primitive reflexes?
- Rooting - touch cheeks; turn head in direction of touch
- Sucking - place finger in mouth; sucks right away
- Palmar Grasp - place finger in hand; grabs and holds
- Moro Reflex - startle infant; legs and arms extend suddenly
- Babinski Reflex - stroke soul of foot from top to bottom; toes fan out
- Reflex smiling
A
Describe how the results of a Denver II screen are represented and interpreted.
Each activity has a box associated with it that spans across an age scale in months. The left most part of the box represents the age at which 25% of babies can do the activity and the right most part represents the age at which 90% of babies can do the activity. The right quarter of the box is shaded. If the child’s age falls within the shaded part of the box and they cannot complete a task then that is marked as a “concern.” If the childs age is to the right of the box and the child cannot complete the task, that is marked to be a “developmental delay” and some sort of intervention is required. Refer to image
B
