NB3-6 - Human Development 2 Flashcards
List the trends in grey and white matter development that we need to know.
- Brainstem structures are myelinated first and before birth
- Most grey matter growth is seen in the first year and by age 6 we’ve reached 90% of adult brain mass
- Long range association fibers are what continue to myelinate throughout development
- Synpatic density increases beyond what you think it would based on grey matter growth until about puberty. Afterwards, pruning continues throughout adolescence and adulthood giving the “U-shaped trajectory of synaptic density.”
After birth, with regions of the brain are the first and last to myelinate?
Earliest - primary motor and sensory
Latest - prefrontal, temporal, and parietal
What age range is considered early childhood? What are the major physical development milestones that occur during this time period?
3-7 years of age
- Slow down in physical growth
- Decrease in appetite
- Sphincter control
- Improvements in gross and fine motor skills
- Handedness is established
What major cognitive development milestones are achieved during early childhood?
- Can count
- Working memory up to 4 things
- Visuospatial skills (can draw shapes)
- Episodic memories of past events
- Continued expansion of language skills
- uses 900 words
- can tell stories
- 90% intelligible
What major emotional development milestones are reached in early childhood?
- Struggle for autonomy (terrible twos)
- Development of secondary emotions (embarassment, jealousy, pride, etc)
- Development of emotional regulation
- Nightmares and monster fears
What major social development milestones are reached in early childhood?
- Gender identity
- Understanding social rules (turn taking, sharing, etc)
- Imaginary play and cooperative play
- Romantic feelings
- Social conformity
What age range is considered middle childhood? What major physical development milestones are achieved in middle childhood?
Ages 7-12
- Slow and steady height/weight (boys start to weight more than girls)
- Permanent teeth
- Refined motor dexterity, speed, and coordination
What major cognitive development milestones are achieved in middle childhood?
- Law of conservation understood
- Logical thinking
- Seriation - can quantify differences
- Transivity - understands transivite property
- Can use mnemonics
- Understands death
- More language development
- Shift from egocentric to social speech
- Massive vocabulary expansion
What major emotional development milestones are achieved in middle childhood?
- Begins to follow social “display rules” (ie - boys don’t show sadness, girls don’t show anger)
- Language development facilitates cognitive regulation of emotion
What major social development milestones are achieved in middle childhood?
- Participation in organized sport
- Competency and competition
- Understands fairness and generosity
- Can understand other perspectives
What major physical developmental milestones are achieved in adolescence?
- Hormonal increase
- Development of secondary sex characteristics
- Growth spurt
- Change in sleep rhythms
- Phase delay (go to bed later)
- Reduced slow wave (restorative) sleep
What major cognitive developmental milestones are achieved in adolescence?
- Enhanced complexity is added to the “Formal Operational Stage” of thinking. Child can consider theories, devise hypotheses, and examine cause and effect relationships
- Problem-solving, planning, and multi-tasking
- Can inhibit inappropriate behaviors in favor of goal-oriented behaviors
What major social/emotional developmental milestones are achieved in adolescence?
- Highly motivated by emotional incentives
What factors are associated with slower language acquistion?
- Male sex
- Prematuritiy
- Multiple gestation
- Bilingualism
- Low socioeconomic status
What other disorders could be implicated by a language delay?
- Hearing Impairment
- Intellectual Disability
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Language Disorders
C
B
D
