NB2 16+17

Question 1

age-related changes to brain structure

Answer 1

white matter increases until 40 and slowly starts to decline

gray matter slowly declines across the adult life span

Cerebrospinal fluid volume sharply increases ~60 years of age

Question 2

age-related cognitive decline

Answer 2

fluid intelligence (attention, memory, speed) 
increases in early adulthood and then declines through middle adulthood 

Crystallized intelligence (vocab, reading, facts) 
Increases in early adulthood and generally plateaus throughout middle and late adulthood

Question 3

cognitive reserve

Answer 3

A person’s capacity to maintain normal cognitive function in the presence of brain degeneration

increased education = greater reserve

degeneration still occurs, but signs of dysfunction are delayed

Question 4

5 stages of grief

Answer 4

1. denial (resistance to impeding death)
2. anger (hostility, resentment, envy)
3. bargaining (making a deal, plea)
4. depression (realization of death; sadness)
5. acceptance (resolute about impending death)

Question 5

Facial nerve (VII) lesion

Answer 5

total loss of nerve function usually accompanied by CN VIII injury (Schwannoma)

Question 6

Facial nerve (facial canal) lesion

Answer 6

total loss of nerve function, no CN VIII symptoms

Question 7

Greater petrosal nerve lesion

Answer 7

nasal and paranasal mucosal glands, lacrimal gland

affected

Question 8

Facial nerve (medial wall of middle ear) lesion

Answer 8

affects special sensory taste anterior 2/3 of the tongue, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, muscles innervated by the facial nerve

Question 9

Chorda tympani lesion

Answer 9

special sensory taste anterior 2/3 of the tongue,
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
(middle ear surgery)

Question 10

hypoglossal nerve injury and tongue

Answer 10

it will deviate towards the affected side due to the unopposed action of the unaffected half of the tongue

Question 11

Jugular foramen syndrome

Answer 11

Unilateral paresis of cranial nerves IX, X, and XI ( with
or without XII) resulting from lesions in the area of
the jugular foramen

symptoms: 
hoarseness 
soft palate drooping 
deviation of uvula to normal side 
loss of sensory posterior 1/3 of tongue 
loss of gag reflex 
dysphagia
decreased parotid gland secretion

Question 12

causes of jugular foramen syndrome

Answer 12

1. Glomus jugular tumors (most frequently)
2. Meningioma
3. Vestibular Schwannoma
4. Cerebellopontine angle metastases

inflammation
thrombosis

Question 13

Le fort fractures

Answer 13

le fort 1: palate

Le fort 2: nose + palate

Le fort 3: entire face