NB2 1-2

Question 1

Boundaries of the posterior triangle

Answer 1

trapezius muscle

sternocleidomastoid m.

clavicle

Question 2

Boundaries of the anterior triangle

Answer 2

midline

sternocleidomastoid m

mandible

Question 3

muscles of the floor of the posterior triangle

Answer 3

splenius capitus
levator scapulae

posterior scalene (C3-C7) 
middle scalene (C3-C7) 
anterior scalene (C3-C7)

Question 4

omohyoid

Answer 4

divides the posterior triangle into the occipital and subclavian triangles

Question 5

Cervical plexus

Answer 5

ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

The cutaneous branches of the post. triangle are:

lesser occipital (C2) 
greater auricular (C2,C3) 
transverse cervical (C2,C3) 
supraclavicular (C3,4)

Question 6

CN XI and the post triangle

Answer 6

supplies the SCM and trapezius

also subdivides the post triangle into carefree (above) and careful (below) triangles

Question 7

path of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Answer 7

1. exits skull through hypoglossal canal and descends medially
2. passes between ICA and IJV and hooks around occipital n.
3. passes deep to digastric and stylohyoid mm.
4. disappears deep to mylohyoid m; to tongue

Question 8

contents of the carotid sheath

Answer 8

internal jugular v.
common carotid a.
vagus nerve

Question 9

subdivisions of the anterior triangle

Answer 9

1. submental triangle
2. submandibular (digastric) triangle
3. carotid triangle
4. muscular triangle

Question 10

carotid sinus

Answer 10

dilated portion at the proximal part of the ICA

contains baroreceptors to monitor BP
innervated by branches of CN IX

Question 11

carotid body

Answer 11

cluster of cells near the carotid sinus

contains chemoreceptors to monitor blood chemistry

innervated by CN IX and X branches

Question 12

thyroid gland

Answer 12

2 lobes are connected by the isthmus (anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages)

A. supply:
superior and inferior thyroid A.

venous drainage:
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid V.

Question 13

muscles of the face generally

Answer 13

develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

innervated by CN VII ( facial nerve)

action:
facial expression
sphincters around eyes and mouth

Question 14

Orbicularis oculi

Answer 14

orbital part:
surrounds each orbit
closes eye forcefully

palpebral part:
located in eyelids
closes eye gently

Question 15

Corrugator supercilii

Answer 15

deep to the eyebrows

draws the eyebrow down and medial
wrinkles the skin of the nose when frowning

Question 16

nasal group of facial muscles

Answer 16

1. nasalis
   transverse part - compresses the nares
   alar part - opens the nares
2. procerus
   inserts into the skin of the forehead between the eyebrows

draws medial border down; wrinkles the superficial skin to the nasal bone
active during frowning

3. depressor septi nasi
   arises from maxilla and inserts into nasal septum
   widens the nares by pulling nose down

Question 17

Platysma, auricular muscles, stylohyoid, occipitofrontalis, posterior belly of digastric

Answer 17

also derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

innervated by the facial nerve

Question 18

Occipitofrontalis

Answer 18

occipitalis:
innervated by posterior auricular branch of CN VII

frontalis:
innervated by temporal branch of CN VII

action:
moves the scalp, wrinkles the forehead, and raises eyebrows

separated by epicranial aponeurosis

Question 19

how does the facial nerve exit the skull

Answer 19

motor portion of CN VII will exit the skull via the stylomastoid foramen

Question 20

the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

Answer 20

1. temporal
2. zygomatic
3. buccal
4. marginal mandibular
5. cervical

Question 21

parotid gland (structures that pass through) 
location?

Answer 21

location: anterior to lower half of the ear

1. facial nerve
2. ECA and its branches
3. retromandibular v.

Question 22

parotid gland innervation and blood supply

Answer 22

blood:
superior temporal
posterior auricular

innervation:
sensory: auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
secretomotor: CN IX, otic ganglion, CN V3

Question 23

parotid duct

Answer 23

opens opposite 2nd upper molar tooth

Question 24

submental lymph nodes

Answer 24

drains from medial part of the lower lip and chin

Question 25

submandibular nodes

Answer 25

``` drain medial corner of orbit external nose medial cheek upper lip lateral of lower lip ```

Question 26

pre-auricular nodes and parotid nodes

Answer 26

drain eyelids, external nose, lateral cheek

Question 27

layers of the scalp

Answer 27

scalp proper: skin - hair follicles connective tissue (dense) aponeurotic layer- contains muscle loose connective tissue: danger zone - infections can spread by emissary vein and cranium pericranium

Question 28

caput succedaneum

Answer 28

soft superficial swelling just under the skin seen at the time of birth due to edema

Question 29

Subgaleal hemorrhage

Answer 29

hemorrhage between the aponeurotic layer and periosteum develops few hours after delivery can involve large amount of blood

Question 30

Cephalohematoma

Answer 30

hemorrhage between the periosteum and bone usually appears within 24 -72hrs after delivery may take weeks to resolve does not cross suture lines since periosteum fuses (confined to individual bones)

Question 31

innervation of the scalp anterior to the ears

Answer 31

supratrochlear (CN V1) supraorbital (CN V1) zygomaticotemporal (CN V2) auriculotemporal (CN V3)

Question 32

innervation of the scalp posterior to the ears

Answer 32

‣ great auricular ‣ lesser occipital ‣ greater occipital ‣ third occipital

Question 33

lymph drainage of the occipital region of scalp

Answer 33

occipital nodes | upper deep cervical nodes

Question 34

lymph of upper scalp

Answer 34

posterior to vortex: mastoid nodes upper deep cervical anterior to vortex: pre-auricular parotid nodes forehead: submandibular nodes