Nature of Language

Question 1

Language Function

Answer 1

the different uses of a particular language

An advertisement has the function to persuade us to purchase a product.

Question 2

Modal

Answer 2

verb used to indicate modality (ability, likelihood, permission, capacity, suggestion, etc.)

can, could, may, should, might, must, have to

Question 3

Subordinating Conjunction

Answer 3

a conjunction used at the beginning of a subordinate clause

because, although, even though, since

Question 4

Misplaced Modifiers

Answer 4

a grammatical error that occurs when the modifying word or phrase is not placed next to the word it is describing

Question 5

Dependent / Subordinate Clause

Answer 5

clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction but cannot stand alone as a sentence even though it contains a subject and verb

While we were shopping, she spent her whole paycheck.

Question 6

Compound Sentence

Answer 6

Two independent clauses joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction

Dogs are mammals, but lizards are reptiles.

Question 7

Dangling Modifiers

Answer 7

a grammatical error that occurs when the modifying phrase is missing the word it intends to describe

Question 8

Cummins’ Quadrants

Answer 8

model for categorizing language tasks based on cognitive demand and amount of context available

Quadrant A - relatable context, low cognitive demand

Quadrant B - relatable context, high cognitive demand

Quadrant C - less relatable context, low cognitive demand

Quadrant D - less relatable context, high cognitive demand

Question 9

Calque

Answer 9

an expression that becomes part of a language by translating it word-by-word from another language

“Adam’s apple” in English translates from “pomme d’Adam” in French

Question 10

Back-Formation

Answer 10

the creation of a new word by removing an affix

painter -> paint

Question 11

Discourse

Answer 11

the function of language in a social context

Some languages are inferential while others are direct.

Question 12

Voiceless

Answer 12

sounds articulated without vocal cord vibrations

/f/ /k/ /s/

Question 13

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Skills (CALPS)

Answer 13

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Skills are formal, textbook language used in academic situations

Question 14

Pronoun

Answer 14

replaces a noun

She, He, It

Question 15

Independent / Main Clause

Answer 15

clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence

I went shopping last weekend.

Question 16

Neologism

Answer 16

newly used word or phrase that is not yet formally accepted into a language

app, doubtrage

Question 17

Coordinating Conjunction

Answer 17

connects two clauses

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Question 18

Complex Sentence

Answer 18

An independent clause and a dependent clause

Since you’re going to the store, can you buy some milk?

Question 19

Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

Answer 19

Pronouns need to match their antecedent (noun) in person, number, and gender.

Mrs. Wilson is my friend. He serves lunch every day. (The pronoun he doesn’t match the gender of Mrs.)

Question 20

Frozen Register

Answer 20

a proper way of speaking that does not change over time

The Pledge of Allegiance is an example of frozen register.

Question 21

Simple Sentence

Answer 21

A sentence containing one subject and one verb, or one independent clause

The dolphin lives in the ocean.

Question 22

Derivation

Answer 22

the creation of a new word from another word, typically by adding an affix to a base word

slow + ly = slowly, joy + ful = joyful

Question 23

Compound-Complex Sentence

Answer 23

Two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

While we are in town, we should stop at the hardware store, and you can buy a new hammer.