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Biology > Natural Selection And Genetic Modification > Flashcards

Natural Selection And Genetic Modification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does natural selection mean

A

Survival of the fittest

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2
Q

What are selection pressures

A

Things that affect an organisms chance of surviving and reproducing

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3
Q

What are examples of selection pressures

A

Predation, competition for resources, disease

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4
Q

Why does antibiotic resistant bacteria support Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

It makes the bacteria better adapted to an environment in which antibiotics are present, as a result antibiotic resistance becomes more common in the population over time

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5
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

A

If an organism develops a mutation in their dna it creates new alleles which change their characteristics, some of which can be big advantages such as bacteria being resistant to antibiotics, this organism is then better suited and adapted to the environment and better able to survive and so lives longer and reproduces passing on the specific allele for that characteristic advantage

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6
Q

What is a fossil

A

Any trace of an animal or plant that lived a long time ago

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7
Q

How do fossils provide evidence for evolution

A

It shows how species have changed and developed over billions of years

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8
Q

What are hominids

A

Human beings and their ancestors

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9
Q

What is an ardi and how old is she

A

A fossil of the species ardipithecus ramidus, 4.4 million years old

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10
Q

What characteristics does an ardi have

A

Ape-like big toe-climbed trees, long arms, short legs, brain size of a chimpanzees, walked upright and didn’t use her hands to walk

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11
Q

What is a Lucy and how old is she

A

Fossil of the species Australopithecus afarensis, 3.2 million years old

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12
Q

What features does a Lucy have

A

Arched feet more adapted to walking than climbing, arms and legs same size and apes and humans, brain slightly larger than an ardi but similar to chimp, walked upright-more efficiently that ardi

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13
Q

What did Richard Leakey organise

A

An expedition to Kenya to look for hominid fossils

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14
Q

What did Leakey find, what species was it and how old was it

A

Turkana boy, homo erectus, 1.6 million years old

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15
Q

Features of the Turkana boy fossil

A

Short arms and long legs-human like, brain size-larger than Lucy’s-human like, even better adapted to walking upright than Lucy

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16
Q

What stone tool did the homo habilis use

A

More simple tools called pebble tools, by hitting rocks together to make sharp flakes - used to scrape meat from bones or crack bones open

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17
Q

What stone tools did homo erectus use

A

Sculpted rocks into shapes to produce more complex tools like simple hand-axes - used to hunt, dig, chop and scrape meat from bones

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18
Q

What stone tools did the home Neanderthalensis use

A

More complex tools, evidence of flint tools, pointed tools and wooden spears

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19
Q

What tools did Homo sapiens use

A

Flint tools, pointed tools-arrowheads, fish hooks, needles appeared around 50,000 years ago

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20
Q

How old were homo habilis

A

2.5-1.5 million years ago

21
Q

How old where the homo erectus species

A

2-0.3 million years ago

22
Q

How old were the homo neanderthalensis

A

300,000-25,00 years ago

23
Q

How old were the Homo sapiens

A

200,000 years ago

24
Q

What are the 3 different ways scientists can work out how old a fossil tool is

A

Looking at the structural features(simpler tools=older), using stratigraphy -study of rock layers(older rock layers found under younger rock)-stones and tools found deeper in rock=older, carbon-14 dating can be used to date stone tools as they often contain carbon-containing material

25
Q

What is classification

A

Organising living organisms into groups

26
Q

How are organisms classified

A

On their characteristics, as technology improved, included things u can see with a microscope

27
Q

What’s the system called to classify organisms

A

The five kingdom classification system

28
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Animals, plants, fungi(mushrooms,yeasts,toadstools), prokaryotes, protists(eukaryotes)

29
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms then subdivided into

A

Phylum, Class, order, family, genus, species

30
Q

Who invented the three domain system

A

Carl Woese

31
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

32
Q

Why was the 3 domain system introduced

A

Technology had developed further and our understanding about biochemical processes and genetics improved, we can now determine the sequence of DNA bases in organisms genes and compare them - more similar = more closely related

33
Q

What is selective breeding

A

When humans artificially select the plants or animals that are going to breed so the genes for particular characteristics remain in the population

34
Q

What are some disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Reduces the gene pool(no. Of different alleles in a population), inbreeding can cause health issues(more chance of the organism inheriting harmful genetic defects when the gene pool is limited), can be serious problems of a new disease appears(not much variation in the population so not many disease resistant organisms-all organisms are closely related to if 1 organism dies from a disease the rest are likely too)

35
Q

What do restriction enzymes do

A

Recognise specific sequences of dna and cut the dna at these points - the pieces of dna are left with stick ends where they have been cut

36
Q

What are ligase enzymes

A

Used to join 2 pieces of dna together at their sticky ends

37
Q

What is recombinant dna

A

2 different bits of dna stuck together

38
Q

What is a vector

A

Something that’s used to transfer dna into a cell

39
Q

What are the 2 sorts of vectors

A

Plasmids, viruses

40
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small, circular molecule of dna that can be transferred between bacteria

41
Q

What do viruses do

A

Insert dna into the organisms they infect

42
Q

What are the steps of genetic engineering

A

1) the dna u want to insert is cut out with restriction enzymes, the vector dna is then cut open using the same restriction enzyme
2) the vector dna and the dna you’re inserting are left with sticky ends. They are mixed together with ligase enzymes
3) ligases join the pieces of dna together to make recombinant dna
4) the recombinant dna is inserted into other cells
5) these cells can now use the gene u inserted to make the protein u want

43
Q

Why is genetic engineering useful in agriculture

A

Crops can be genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides

44
Q

Why is genetic engineering useful in medicine

A

Genetically engineered bacteria can produce insulin, human genes can be transferred into animals to produce useful proteins

45
Q

What is the disadvantage of genetic engineering of animals

A

It’s hard to predict what effect modifying its genome will have on the organism

46
Q

What is the concern of genetically modified crops

A

The transplanted genes may get out into the environment and may make weeds herbicide resistant, they could affect food chains or human health

47
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics

48
Q

What are the advantages of selective breeding for agriculture

A

Genetic variation means some cattle will have better characteristics and produce more meat

49
Q

Why is selective breeding used in medical research

A

Using rats can investigate the reason behind alcoholism, rats with strain and weak preferences for alcohol are bred to compare the differences between the 2 different types of rats and the way their brains work

Biology (9 decks)

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