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Biology > Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in mammals

A

Aveoli

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2
Q

What do aveoli contain

A

Millions of air sacs where gas exchange happens

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3
Q

What are the alveoli adaptations for efficient gas exhange

A

moist lining for dissolving gases, good blood supply-maintains concentration gradient of O2 and CO2, very thin walls-minimising distance gases have to move, bug surface area

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4
Q

How easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with the environment depends on…

A

Its surface area to volume ratio

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5
Q

What does surface area to volume ratio depend on

A

How large the animal is, the larger the animal the smaller is surface area : volume ratio

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6
Q

Equation for area of surface

A

Length x width

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7
Q

Equation for volume

A

Length x width x height

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8
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Carry O2 from lungs to all cells in the body

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9
Q

What are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

What features do erythrocytes contain

A

A biconcave shape-gives it large surface area for absorbing o2, no nucleus-allows more space to carry o2, contains haemoglobin-contains iron,

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11
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Defend against infection

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12
Q

What are white blood cells aka

A

Phagocytes

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13
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

When phagocytes can change shape to engluf unwelcome microorganisms

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14
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies and antitoxins to fight pathogens and neutralise toxins

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15
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry blood away from heart

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16
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

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17
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood to the heart

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18
Q

What do platelets do

A

Help blood to clot

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19
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of cells that have no nucleus

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20
Q

What is plasma

A

Liquid that carries everything in the blood

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21
Q

What colour is plasma

A

Pale straw-coloured

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22
Q

Why are artery walls thick and elastic

A

Because heart pumps blood out at high pressure

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23
Q

What is the lumen

A

The hole down the middle of an artery and capillary

24
Q

Why do arteries contain thick layers of muscle

A

To make them strong and elastic fibres help them to spring back

25
Q

Why are capillaries very narrow

A

So they can squeeze into gaps between cells - means they can carry blood really close to every bodily cell to exchange substances

26
Q

Why do capillaries have permeable walls

A

To allow substance to easily diffuse in and out

27
Q

Why are capillary cells one cell thick

A

Increases rate of diffusion by decreasing distance over which it occurs

28
Q

What do capillaries eventually join to form

A

Veins

29
Q

Why arent veins thick

A

Becaus the blood is at low pressure

30
Q

Why do veins have a bugger lumen than arteries

A

To helo blood flow

31
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

To keep bloodh flowing in the right direction

32
Q

What does cellular respiration release

A

Energy

33
Q

What is respiration

A

The transfer of energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (usually glucose)

34
Q

What type of reaction is respiration

A

Exothermic - releases energy

35
Q

What is the word equation for respiratiom

A

Gluose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water

36
Q

Symbol equation for respiration

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) — 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O

37
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used

A

When doing vigorus exercise, body cant supply enough oxygen to muscles for aerobic respiration so muscles start to anerobicakly respire

38
Q

How does a cramo happen

A

When glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid builds up

39
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose — lactic acid

40
Q

Word equation for plants anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose — ethanol + CO2

41
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The total volume of blood pumped by a ventricle every minute

42
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts

43
Q

Word equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (cm(3)min(-1) = Heart rate (beats per min) x stroke volume (cm(3))

44
Q

What does a double circulatory system mean

A

Heart pumps blood around body in 2 circuits - heart pumps blood deoxygenated blood to lungs - to take in O2

45
Q

What type of system do fish have

A

Single circulatory system - deoxygenated blood from body goes to heart which pumps it round

46
Q

What are the 4 major chambers of thr heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

47
Q

What are the 4 major blood vessles in the heart

A

Vena cave, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary veins

48
Q

What are the steps to how blood is pumped around the body

A

1) Right atrium recieves deoxygenated blood through the vena cava
2) Deoxygenated blood moves to right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
3) The left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary artery
4) Oxygenated blood moves through to left ventricle which pumps it round the whole body vis the aorta

49
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall and more mucle than the right

A

To pump blood around the whole body at high pressure

50
Q

What do you measure the rate of reaction with

A

A respirometer

51
Q

What is the rate of reaction

A

Measuring amount of CO2 consumed by an organism in a given time

52
Q

What does soda lime do

A

Absorbs co2 produced

53
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

An exothermic reaction which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes including aerobic and anaerobic respiration

54
Q

What are the steps to measuring the rate of respiration using wood lice a water bath and a respirometer

A

1) add some soda lime granules to 2 test tubes
2) a ball of cotton wool is placed above the soda lime in each tube, woodlice are placed above the cotton wool in one tube, glass beads with the same mass as the woodlice are used in the control tube
3) the respirometer is then set up
4) the syringe is used to set the fluid in the manometer to a known level
5) the apparatus is then left for a set period of time in a water bath set the 15°c
6) during this there will be a decrease in the volume of aid in the tube as the woodlice are using the oxygen to respire, this reduces the pressure in the tube causing the coloured liquid in the manometer to move towards the test tube containing the woodlice
7) the distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured - used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the woodlice per minute - gives u the rate of respiration e.g. cm(3)min(-1)
8) repeat steps 1-7 with water bath at different temps

55
Q

Why do organisms need to take in oxygen

A

For aerobic respiration which produces co2 as a waste product

56
Q

Why does an organism need to take up water

A

Dissolved food molecules and mineral ions diffuse up along with it

Biology (9 decks)

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