Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines

Question 1

How does the world health organisation (WHO) define health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

What is a non-communicable disease

Answer 2

Can’t be transmitted between individuals e.g. cancer, heart disease

Question 3

What is a communicable disease

Answer 3

Diseases that can be spread between individuals

Question 4

What is a disease

Answer 4

A condition where part of an organism doesn’t function properly

Question 5

What happens if you are affected by one disease and why

Answer 5

It could make u more susceptible to other disease - your body may become weakened by the disease and so is less able to fight of others

Question 6

What are pathogens

Answer 6

Organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists that can communicable diseases

Question 7

What type of pathogen is cholera, what are the symptoms, how does it spread and how can you reduce/prevent transmission

Answer 7

Bacterium called Vibrio cholerae, diarrhoea, via contaminated water sources, making sure people have access to clean water supplies

Question 8

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis, symptoms, how it spreads, how to reduce/prevent transmission

Answer 8

Bacterium, coughing and lung damage, through the air when infected people cough, infected people should avoid crowded public spaces, practise good hygiene and sleep alone, their homes should be well ventilated

Question 9

What type of pathogen is malaria, how’s it spread, symptoms, how to reduce/prevent transmission

Answer 9

Protist, mosquitoes act as animal vectors(carriers) - they pass on the protist to the humans but don’t get the disease themselves, use of mosquito nets, insect repellents

Question 10

What type of pathogen is chalara ash dieback, symptoms, how it’s spread, how to prevent/reduce transmission

Answer 10

Fungus that infects trees, lead loss and bark lesions(wounds), carried thru the air by the wind (also when diseased ash trees are moved between areas), removing young, infected ash trees and replanting with different species, restricting the import or movement of ash trees

Question 11

What is HIV

Answer 11

Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 12

What type of pathogen is HIV, symptoms, how it’s spread, how to prevent/reduce transmission

Answer 12

Virus, kills white blood cells needed in immune response, can lead to AIDS, through bodily fluids e.g. blood,semen, vaginal fluids, wear condom when having sex, drug users should avoid sharing needles, medication

Question 13

What type of pathogen is chlamydia , symptoms, how it’s spread, how to prevent/reduce transmission

Answer 13

Bacterium (that behaves in a similar way to a virus-can only reproduce inside host cells), no symptoms but can result in infertility, wear a condom when having sex, screening people so they can be treated, avoiding sexual contact

Question 14

How do antibiotics work

Answer 14

By inhibiting processes in bacteria cells, but not in host organisms

Question 15

Why don’t antibiotics kill viruses

Answer 15

Because viruses reproduce using your body cells, which makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy just the virus without killing the body’s cells

Question 16

What are the 4 steps of developing a new drug

Answer 16

Discovery, development, preclinical testing and clinical testing

Question 17

How do scientists discover a new drug

Answer 17

They use their knowledge of how a disease works to try and identify molecules that could be used as drugs to fight the disease

Question 18

How is the discovered drug developed

Answer 18

Preclinical and clinical testing

Question 19

What are the steps for preclinical testing

Answer 19

1) drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. However u can’t use human cells or tissues to test drugs that affect hole or multiple body systems e.g. drug for blood pressure must be tested on a whole animal
2) drug is tested on live animals to test the drug works (produces the affect wanted) to find out how toxic it is and to find the best dosage

Question 20

What are the steps to clinical testing

Answer 20

1) if the drug passes the test on animals then it’s tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
2) first it’s tested on healthy volunteers to make sure it doesn’t have any harmful side effects when the body’s working normally
3) if results on health volunteers are good, it can then be tested on people suffering from the illness. The optimum dose is found
4) patients are randomly put in 2 groups, one is given the new drug and 1 is given a placebo (looks like the drug but doesn’t do anything) this is to allow for the placebo affect
5) clinical trials are blind (patient doesn’t know if receiving placebo or drug) and sometimes double-blind (doctor and patient don’t know if patient receiving the placebo or drug) this is so the doctors monitoring the patient arent subconsciously influenced by their knowledge

Question 21

What does the optimum dose mean

Answer 21

The dose of a drug that is most effective and has few side effects

Question 22

What risk factors cause non communicable diseases

Answer 22

Cancer, liver and lung diseases, obesity

Question 23

What is the calculation for BMI

Answer 23

Mass (kg) / height (m)(2)

Question 24

What is the calculation for waist to hip ratio

Answer 24

Waist circumference / hip circumference

Question 25

What lifestyle changes can treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 25

Healthy balance diet, low in saturated fat, exercise regularly and stop smoking

Question 26

What lifelong medication can be takes for cardiovascular disease and why

Answer 26

Statins reduce amount pf cholesterol in the bloodstream- slowing down rate at which fatty deposits for, - reducing risks of heart attacks and strokes
Anticoagulantes- drugs that make blood clots less likely to form
Antihypertensives - reduce blood pressure - helps prevent damage to blood vessels reducing risk of fatty deposits forming