Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis Flashcards
What is the metabolic rate
Speed at which chemcial reactions in the body occur
What do adrenal glands do
Activates the process that increase the supply of O2 and glucose
What is hormone release effected by
Negative feedback
What does adrenaline bind to
Receptors in heart - heart contracts more frequently- heart rate and blood pressure increase
What does increasing blood pressure and heart rate do
Increases blood flow to muscles - cells recieve more O2 and glucose for increased respiration
What is negative feedback
When body detects level of substance has gone above or below normal level, it triggers response to bring level back to normal
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
What do hormones effect
Control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment
What are hormones produced and secreted by
Endocrine glands which make up your endocrine system
What is a pituitary gland
Master gland, regulates body conditions
What do ovaries produce
Produce oestrogen
What does testosterone control
Puberty and sperm production
What does thyroxine do
Regulates basal metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature
What do neurones do
Very fast reaction, acts for short time on specific area
Hormones reaction
Slower action, act for long time, Act in general way
What does pancreas do
Produce insulin which regulates blood glucose level
What is the menstrual cycle
Month sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus incase the egg is fertilised
How many stages of the menstrual cycle is there
4
What happens on day one of the menstration cycle
Mentration starts - lining of uterus breaks down and is released
What happens on day 4-14 of the menstration cycle
Uterus lining is repaired until becomes a think spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for fertilised egg
What happens on day 14 of the menstration cycle
Egg develops and released from ovary - ovulation
What happens on day 14-28 of the menstration cycle
Lining then maintained if no fertilised egg lands on the uterus - spongy lining breaks down again
What 4 hormones is the mestrual cycle controlled by
FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone
What does FSH stand for
Follice stimulating hormone
What does FSH do
Released from pituitary gland, causes follicle to mature in ovary, dtimulates oestrogen production
What is oestrogen
Released by ovaries, causes lining of uterus to grow and thicken, high level stimulates LH surge
What does LH stand for
Lutenising hormone
What id LH
Released from pituitary gland, LH surge stimulates ovulation, stimulates remains of the follicle to develop into corpus luteum - secrets progesterone
What is progesterone and what does it do
Released by corpus luteum after ovulation, maintains uterus lining, inhibits release of FSH and LH, when level falls - low oestrogen level - uterus loning breaks down, low progesterone level allows FSH to increase - cycle restarts
What is clomifene therapy
Some women are infertile because they dont ovulate or ovulate regularly. Taking clomifene causes more FSH and LH to be released which stimulates egg maturation and ovulation
What does IVF stand for
In vitro fertilisation
What is IVF
Collecting a womens eggs from ovaries and fertilising them in a lab with a mans sperm, they grow into embryos, once the embryos are tiny balls of cells they’re transferred back into the uterus
Why is FSH and LH given to women before IVF
to stimulate egg production
What is IVF aka
ART - assisted reproductive technique
How does taking oestrogen prevent release of an egg
If taken everyday, it keeps levels of oestrogen permanently high which inhibits FSH production and after a while, egg production and development stop and stay stopped
What does progesterone stimulate
Production of thick cervical mucus
What does thick cervical mucus do
Stops sperm entering uterus
What is type 1 diabetes caused by
Pancreas produces little or no insulin
How is type 1 diabetes treated
Insluin therapy - injecting insulin into the subcutaneous tissue where it will enter the blood stream
When is insulin therapy done
At meal times to ensure the gluose is removed quickly once food is digested
What is type 2 disbetes caused by
Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or body does not respond to it
Who are more likely to get type 2 diabetes
Obese people - BMI over 30
Equation for BMI
Mass(kg) / (height)2 (m)
How do u work out where the body stores fat
Waist to hip ratio
How do u work out waist to hip ratio
Waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)
Definition of homeostasis
Maintaing a constant internal environment
What is osmoregulation
(Regulating water content) need to keep a balace between water intake and outake
What is thermoregulation
(Regulating body temperature) you need to increase body temp when its cold but decrease it when its hot
What 2 things control blood glucose concentration
Insluin, glycogen
What happens when the concentration of thyroxine is too low
The hypothalamus (in thr brain) produces TRH (thyrotropin-releasinf hormone), which causes the released of TSH vro, pituitary gland -TSH acts on thyroid to produce thyroxine, when thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits release of TRH and production of TSH
What does adrenaline do
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, raises blood sugar levels by stimulating liver to change glycogen into glucose
Where are hormones produced
Produced and secreted by various endocrine glands
How are hormones transported from endocrine glands to other target organs
Hormones released into blood and carried to other parts of the body
