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Biology > Key Concepts In Biology > Flashcards

Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Example of prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Plant and animal cells, have nucleus, complex and contain their DNA in a nucleus

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3
Q

Function of nucleus

A

To enclose genetic materia

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

A gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

Controls the molecules that can enter and leave the cells

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6
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs

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7
Q

How much is one order of magnitude?

A

10X

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8
Q

What do plant and animal cells have in common

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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9
Q

What do plants have that animals cells dont

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole

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10
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll and are sites of photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is a cell wall

A

Made from cellulose, strengthens the cell

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12
Q

What is the vacuole

A

Filled with a fluild called cell sap, helpd give plant its shape

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13
Q

What is differentiation

A

When cells become specialised

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14
Q

What happens during fertilisation

A

The genetic info of the ovum and sperm combine

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15
Q

What are the adaptations of a sperm cell

A

Long tail - allows them to swim to ovum(streamlined), mitochondria - gives them energy to swim, enzymes - allows them to digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum

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16
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell

A

To send electrical impulses around the body

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17
Q

What does an axon do

A

Carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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18
Q

What is an axon covered in and what does it do

A

Myelin, insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

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19
Q

What do the ends of axons have

A

Synapses

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20
Q

What are synapses

A

Junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

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21
Q

What do dentrites do

A

They increase the surface area so the other nerve cells can connect more easily

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22
Q

Why are muscle cells packed with mitochondria

A

To provide them with energy

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23
Q

What do muscles contain

A

Muscle fibres

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24
Q

What do muscle fibres do

A

Can change the length of the muscle cell, when a muscle cell contracts these protein fibres shorten, decreasing the length of the cell

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25
Q

What do enzymes break down

A

Big molecules - proteins, lipids, some carbohydrates

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26
Q

What do digestive enzymes break down

A

The food we eat so it can be diegested

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27
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Enzymes called carbohydrases convert carbohydrates to simple sugars e.g amylase breaks down starch

28
Q

What are proteins

A

Proteases convert proteins to amino acids

29
Q

What are lipids

A

Lipases convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

30
Q

How are carbohydrates synthesised

A

By joining together simple sugars

31
Q

How are proteins synthesised

A

Joining amino acids

32
Q

How are enzymes synthesised

A

Catalyse the reactions needed to do this

33
Q

What is the equation for rate of reaction

A

1000/time

34
Q

What is resolution

A

How well a microscope distinguishes between 2 points that are close together

35
Q

Higher resolution =…

A

Clearer image, more detail

36
Q

When were light microscopes invented

A

1590s

37
Q

How do light microscopes work

A

Passing light through the specimen

38
Q

What do light microscopes allow us to see

A

Living cells, nuclei, chloroplasts

39
Q

When was the electrom microscope invented

A

1930s

40
Q

What do electron microscopes have

A

Higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes

41
Q

Equation for total magnification

A

Eye piece lens magnification x objective lens mag.

42
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Image size/real size

43
Q

What are enzymes

A

Catalysts produced by living things

44
Q

What is the substrate

A

The molecule chnaged in the reaction

45
Q

What is the active site

A

The part the substrate joins to, to catalyse the reaction

46
Q

What is osmosis

A

The net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to low concentration

47
Q

What is a partically permeable membrane

A

A membrane with small holes in

48
Q

What is diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

49
Q

What particles does diffusiom happen in

A

Gases, liquids

50
Q

What can diffuse through cell membranes

A

Small molecules - glucose, amino acids, water, oxygen

51
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration

52
Q

Equation for percentage change

A

(Final mass - initial mass / initial mass) x 100

53
Q

What is amylase

A

An enzyme

54
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Break down starch to maltose

55
Q

What do u use to detect starch

A

Iodine

56
Q

What happens to iodine when starch is present

A

It will change from browny-orange to blue-black

57
Q

What are the control variables in the reaction of effect of pH on enzyme activity

A

Concentration, volume of amylase solution

58
Q

What does increasing the temperature do

A

Increases the rate

59
Q

What happens if the temperature gets too hot

A

Some of the bonds holding the enzymes together break, changing the shape of the enzymes active site = denatured

60
Q

What is the optimum

pH enzymes work at

A

7

61
Q

What is a enzyme that doesn’t work best at pH7

A

Pepsin - breaks down proteins in the stomach - pH2

62
Q

What does higher substrate concentration mean

A

Fast ror

63
Q

Investigating osmosis experiment steps using potato cylinders

A

1) prepare sucrose solutions of different concentrations from pure water to very concentrated sucrose solution
2) use a cork bored to cut a potato into same sized pieces
3) divide the cylinders into groups of 3 and use a mass balance to measure mass of each group
4) place 1 group in each solution
5) leave potato in solution for about 40 mins
6) remove potato and pat dry gently with paper towel-removes excess water=accurate measurement of final mass
7) weight each group again

64
Q

How to work out percentage change

A

(Final mass - initial mass / initial mass) x100

65
Q

Units of measure table

A

Millimetre(mm) x1000>< ÷1000 micrometer(um) x1000>

66
Q

Units of measure in standard form

A 
mm = x10(-3)m
um = x10(-6)m
nm = x10(-9)m
pm = x10(-12)m
67
Q

Steps on investigating the effect of on pH on enzyme activity

A

1) Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile
2) Put a beaker of water on a tripod over a Bunsen burner and heat till 35°c
3) Use a syringe to add 3cm(3) of amylase solution and 1cm(3) of a buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a boiling tube, put the boiling tube into the water for 5 mins
4) Use a diff. Syringe to add 3cm(3) of starch solution to boiling tube
5) Immediately mix contents of boiling tube and start stop clock
6) Use continuous sampling, to record how long it takes for the amylase to break down all the starch, use a dripping pipette to drop a bit of solution from boiling tube into some iodine in a well every 10 seconds until the iodine becomes a browny-orange colour
7) Repeat these steps with different pH of buffer solution to see how pH effects time taken for starch to be broken down

Biology (9 decks)

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