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Biology > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does mitosis produce

A

2identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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3
Q

What happens at interphase

A

Before the cell divides it has to grow to increase the number of mitochondria & ribosomes. Then in duplicates it dna - copied dna forms x-shaped chromosomes

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4
Q

What happens at each stage of mitosis

A

1-prophase) The chromosomes get condense (shorter&fatter). The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm
2-metaphase) The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
3-anaphase) Spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart. Then the chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
4-telophase) Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the 2 new cells - nucleus has divided

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5
Q

What happens before telophase ends

A

Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

When cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 separate cells

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7
Q

How to calculate the number of cells they’ll be after after divisions

A

2(n) (n=number of divisions by mitosis)

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8
Q

What happens at mitosis and cytokinesis

A

Once the dna has been copied, it’s ready for mitosis

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9
Q

What is mitosis

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

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10
Q

How is cancer caused

A

Uncontrolled cell divisor - if there is a change in the gene that controls mitosis the cell could start to divide uncontrollably, which can result in a mass of abnormal cells = tumor, if the tumor invades and destroys surrounding tissues =cancer

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11
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell with 2 copies of each chromosome

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12
Q

What do organisms use mitosis for

A

To asexually reproduce

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13
Q

What’s cell differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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14
Q

What is cell elongation

A

Where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger -plant grow

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15
Q

What is most cell division used for in adults

A

Repair - cells divide to replace old or damaged cells

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16
Q

Where does cell division happen in a plant?

A

I’m the tips of the roots and shoots and meristems

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17
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

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18
Q

How do cells become specialised

A

They differentiate

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19
Q

Where are stem cells found

A

Early human embryos

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20
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do

A

Divide and produce any kind of cells

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21
Q

What are stem cells really important for

A

Growth and development of organisms

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22
Q

Where are stem cells found in adults

A

Bone marroe

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23
Q

What are adult stem cells used to do in animals

A

Replace damaged cells e.g to make new skin or blood cells

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24
Q

In plants, where are the only cells that divide by mitosis found

A

In plant tissues called meristems

25
Q

Where are meristem tissues found

A

In areas of a plant that are growing e.g. tips, roots, shoots

26
Q

What do meristems produce

A

Unspecialised cells that act like embryonic stem cells

27
Q

What do the unspecialised cells in plants go on to form

A

Xylem, phloem

28
Q

How is sickle cell anemia cured

A

With a bone marrow transplant

29
Q

What are the 3 potential risks about using adult stem cells to cure some diseases

A

Tumour development, disease transmission, rejection

30
Q

What is tumour development

A

When stem cells divide very quickly, if scientists are unable to control the rate at which the transplanted stem cells divide, a tumour may develop inside the patient

31
Q

What is disease transmission

A

Viruses live inside cells, if donor cells are infected with a virus and are undetected the virus could be passed on to the patient and make them sicker

32
Q

What is rejection

A

If the transplanted cells aren’t grown using the patients own stem cells, the patients body may recognise them as foreign and trigger an immune response to try get rid of them. The patient can take drugs to suppress this, but that can make them susceptible to diseases

33
Q

What is the ethical issue raised about using embryonic stem cells

A

Some people argue that using embryonic stem cells shouldn’t be used for experiments because each one is a potential life

34
Q

What can you use stem cells for

A

To create specialised cells to replace those which have been damaged by disease or injury

35
Q

What is the nervous system made up of

A

Neurones(nerve cells)

36
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

Groups of cells that can detect a change in your environment (a stimulus)

37
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors

A

The info is converted to a nervous(electrical) impulse and sent alone sensory neurones to the CNS (brain and spinal chord)

38
Q

What does the CNS do

A

Coordinates the response

39
Q

How do impulses travel

A

Through the CNS along relay neurones

40
Q

What does the cns do

A

Sends info to an effector (muscle/gland) along a motor neurone

41
Q

What is reaction time

A

The time it takes you to respond to a stimulus

42
Q

What do all neurones have

A

A cell body with a nucleus

43
Q

What does the cell body have

A

Extensions that connect to other neurones

44
Q

What do dendrites and dendrons do

A

Carry nerve impulses towards the cell body

45
Q

What do axons do

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

46
Q

What are some axons surrounded by

A

Myelin sheath

47
Q

What does myelin sheath do

A

Acts as an electrical insulator speeding up the electrical impulse

48
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neurone

A

One long dendron, one short axon

49
Q

What does a sensory neurone (dendron) do

A

Carried nerve impulses from receptor cells to cell body which is located in the middle of the neurone

50
Q

What does a sensory neurone (axon) do

A

Carries nerve impulses from cell body to CNS

51
Q

What is the structure of a motor neurone

A

Many short dendrites, one long axon

52
Q

What is the function of the motor neurone (short dendrites)

A

Carry nerve impulses from cns to cell body

53
Q

What is the function of motor neurone (long axon)

A

Carries nerve impulses from cell body to effector cells

54
Q

Structure of relay neurone

A

Short dendrites, axon

55
Q

Function of relay neurone

A

Relay neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate.

56
Q

What is a synapse

A

The connection between 2 neurones

57
Q

What are nerve signals transferred by

A

Chemical called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap

58
Q

What are reflexes

A

Automatic responses to stimuli

Biology (9 decks)

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