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nat 5 chemistry > Natural Products > Flashcards

Natural Products Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis ?

A

Carbon dioxide+water>glucose +oxygen

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2
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis ?

A

CO2+H2O>C6H12O6+O2

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3
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis ?

A

6CO2+6H2O>C6H12O6+6O2

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4
Q

What colour is chlorophyll?

A

Green pigment

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5
Q

What does chlorophyll do?

A

Trap light energy from the sun and allows the reaction to take place

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6
Q

What happens to glucose after photosynthesis ?

A

Stored as starch in the plant

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7
Q

How are carbohydrates made?

A

By plants during photosynthesis

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8
Q

What do carbohydrates provide us with ?

A

Energy in our diets

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9
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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10
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen?

A

2:1

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11
Q

What 2 groups can carbohydrates be divided into?

A

Sugars - simple carbohydrates

Starch - complex

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12
Q

What is the name given to glucose and fructose and what’s there formula ?

A

C6H12O6 monosaccharides

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13
Q

What solution can be used to test for sugar?

A

Benedict’s solution (or Fehling’s solution)

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14
Q

What is the colour change when Benedict’s solutions is heated with sugars?

A

Blue to orange

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15
Q

What is the exception to using benedict’s solution ?

A

Sucrose

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16
Q

What is starch?

A

Large molecules made of many small glucose molecules joined together

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17
Q

What is the name of starch and its formula ?

A

C6H10O5 polysaccharide

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18
Q

What solution is used to test for starch ?

A

Iodine solution

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19
Q

What is the colour change to iodine solution?

A

Brown to blue/black

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20
Q

What is the importance of photosynthesis ?(3)

A

Produces carbohydrates for energy
Produces oxygen
Reduces CO2 in the atmosphere

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21
Q

What is respiration?

A

Reaction between carbohydrates and oxygen in our body that gives us energy

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22
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose+oxygen>carbon dioxide+water

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23
Q

What is the chemical equation for respiration ?

A

C6H12O6+O2>CO2+H2O

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24
Q

What is the balanced equation for respiration ?

A

C6H12O6+6O2>6CO2+6H2O

25
Q

What is the equation for respiration the same as ?

A

Combustion of glucose

26
Q

When do condensation reactions take place ?

A

Two or more small molecules react together to make a larger molecule and a molecule of water

27
Q

What is polymerisation ?

A

When lots of small molecules (called monomers) react together to make a large molecule (called a polymer)

28
Q

What is hydrolysis ?

A

Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules by adding water

29
Q

What is fermentation ?

A

Breakdown of glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

Sugar or starch> ethanol + carbon dioxide. Yeast

31
Q

What is the balanced equation for fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

32
Q

What do enzymes in the yeast cells act as ?

A

A catalyst for the reaction

33
Q

What can ethanol for alcoholic drink be made from ?

A

Glucose derived from any fruit or vegetable

34
Q

What is the maximum concentration of ethanol produced from fermentation?

A

Around 12-15%

35
Q

Why is the concentration of ethanol limited in fermentation?

A

Yeast cells die

36
Q

How are spirits like whiskey and vodka made?

A

By distilling the products of fermentation

37
Q

What does distillation do ?

A

Separates the alcohol and water because they have different boiling points

38
Q

What is the concentration of alcohol in whisky and vodka ?

A

Around 40%

39
Q

What is the general formula for alkanols ?

A

CnH2n+1OH

40
Q

Why can alcohols be used as fuels ?

A

They burn releasing energy

41
Q

What is the flammability of alcohols and how do they burn ?

A

High flammability and burn with clean flames

42
Q

What can alcohols be used as also ?

A

Solvents as they dissolve some substances that don’t dissolve in water

43
Q

What is the general formula of alkanoic acids ?

A

Cn-1H2n-1COOH

44
Q

What is ethanoic acid also known as ?

A

Vinegar

45
Q

What are the 2 uses of vinegar ?

A

Household cleaning products and food preservatives

46
Q

What can vinegar be used to remove ?

A

Limescale

47
Q

How can esters be made ?

A

Reacting an alkanol and an alkanoic acid

48
Q

How are esters formed?

A

In a condensation reaction between an alkanol and alkanoic acid

49
Q

What is the word equation for the production of esters ?

A

Alkanoic acid+alcohol🔄ester + water

50
Q

What type of reaction is the production of esters ?

A

Reversible reaction

51
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Two small molecules join to make a larger molecule and water (or any other small molecule)

52
Q

What name formula do ester follow?

A

Alkyl alkanoates

53
Q

Where does ‘alkyl’ come from?

A

Alcohol

54
Q

Where does ‘alkanoate’ come from?

A

Acid

55
Q

What is the ester link?

A

-COO-
Or
-COOC-

56
Q

How can esters be broken down?

A

By hydrolysis

57
Q

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of an ester?

A

Ester+water🔄alkanoic acid+alcohol

58
Q

What is hydrolysis ?

A

Breaking down a larger molecule into smaller molecules by adding water

nat 5 chemistry (13 decks)

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