Natural Products Flashcards
What is the word equation for photosynthesis ?
Carbon dioxide+water>glucose +oxygen
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis ?
CO2+H2O>C6H12O6+O2
What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis ?
6CO2+6H2O>C6H12O6+6O2
What colour is chlorophyll?
Green pigment
What does chlorophyll do?
Trap light energy from the sun and allows the reaction to take place
What happens to glucose after photosynthesis ?
Stored as starch in the plant
How are carbohydrates made?
By plants during photosynthesis
What do carbohydrates provide us with ?
Energy in our diets
What do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What is the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen?
2:1
What 2 groups can carbohydrates be divided into?
Sugars - simple carbohydrates
Starch - complex
What is the name given to glucose and fructose and what’s there formula ?
C6H12O6 monosaccharides
What solution can be used to test for sugar?
Benedict’s solution (or Fehling’s solution)
What is the colour change when Benedict’s solutions is heated with sugars?
Blue to orange
What is the exception to using benedict’s solution ?
Sucrose
What is starch?
Large molecules made of many small glucose molecules joined together
What is the name of starch and its formula ?
C6H10O5 polysaccharide
What solution is used to test for starch ?
Iodine solution
What is the colour change to iodine solution?
Brown to blue/black
What is the importance of photosynthesis ?(3)
Produces carbohydrates for energy
Produces oxygen
Reduces CO2 in the atmosphere
What is respiration?
Reaction between carbohydrates and oxygen in our body that gives us energy
What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose+oxygen>carbon dioxide+water
What is the chemical equation for respiration ?
C6H12O6+O2>CO2+H2O
What is the balanced equation for respiration ?
C6H12O6+6O2>6CO2+6H2O
What is the equation for respiration the same as ?
Combustion of glucose
When do condensation reactions take place ?
Two or more small molecules react together to make a larger molecule and a molecule of water
What is polymerisation ?
When lots of small molecules (called monomers) react together to make a large molecule (called a polymer)
What is hydrolysis ?
Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules by adding water
What is fermentation ?
Breakdown of glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is the word equation for fermentation?
Sugar or starch> ethanol + carbon dioxide. Yeast
What is the balanced equation for fermentation?
C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
What do enzymes in the yeast cells act as ?
A catalyst for the reaction
What can ethanol for alcoholic drink be made from ?
Glucose derived from any fruit or vegetable
What is the maximum concentration of ethanol produced from fermentation?
Around 12-15%
Why is the concentration of ethanol limited in fermentation?
Yeast cells die
How are spirits like whiskey and vodka made?
By distilling the products of fermentation
What does distillation do ?
Separates the alcohol and water because they have different boiling points
What is the concentration of alcohol in whisky and vodka ?
Around 40%
What is the general formula for alkanols ?
CnH2n+1OH
Why can alcohols be used as fuels ?
They burn releasing energy
What is the flammability of alcohols and how do they burn ?
High flammability and burn with clean flames
What can alcohols be used as also ?
Solvents as they dissolve some substances that don’t dissolve in water
What is the general formula of alkanoic acids ?
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
What is ethanoic acid also known as ?
Vinegar
What are the 2 uses of vinegar ?
Household cleaning products and food preservatives
What can vinegar be used to remove ?
Limescale
How can esters be made ?
Reacting an alkanol and an alkanoic acid
How are esters formed?
In a condensation reaction between an alkanol and alkanoic acid
What is the word equation for the production of esters ?
Alkanoic acid+alcohol🔄ester + water
What type of reaction is the production of esters ?
Reversible reaction
What is a condensation reaction?
Two small molecules join to make a larger molecule and water (or any other small molecule)
What name formula do ester follow?
Alkyl alkanoates
Where does ‘alkyl’ come from?
Alcohol
Where does ‘alkanoate’ come from?
Acid
What is the ester link?
-COO-
Or
-COOC-
How can esters be broken down?
By hydrolysis
What is the equation for the hydrolysis of an ester?
Ester+water🔄alkanoic acid+alcohol
What is hydrolysis ?
Breaking down a larger molecule into smaller molecules by adding water