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nat 5 chemistry > Acids, Alkalis And Rates Of Reaction > Flashcards

Acids, Alkalis And Rates Of Reaction Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the pH of a solution in water tell us ?

A

Whether it is acidic alkaline or neutral

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2
Q

What is the pH scale a measure of ?

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions

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3
Q

What is the pHof neutral substances ?

A

7

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4
Q

What is the pH of acids?

A

Less than 7

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5
Q

What is the pH of alkalis ?

A

Above 7

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6
Q

Name acids (not ones used in a lab) in order of closest to 7 to 0 (6)

A 
Milk (6)
Urine (5)
Tomato juice (5)
Vinegar (4)
Lemon juice (3)
Battery acid (0)
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7
Q

What type of substance is water in terms of bonding ?

A

Covalent substance

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8
Q

What is different about water?

A

Although water is a covalent substance, some water molecules break apart to make hydrogen and hydroxide ions

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9
Q

What is the name given when water breaks itself into hydrogen and hydroxide ions ?

A

Self ionisation

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10
Q

What kind of reaction is the self ionisation of water ?

A

Reversible

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11
Q

What is meant by equilibrium ( in terms of the self ionisation of water)

A

The concentration of the water molecules and ions are constant but not equal

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12
Q

What does any sample of water contain?

A

Millions of molecule of H2O

Only a few hydrogen and hydroxide ions

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13
Q

What is the Symbol for hydrogen ions?

A

H+

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14
Q

What is the symbol for hydroxide ions?

A

OH-

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15
Q

In PURE water what is the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions and what does this mean in terms of its pH ?

A

Equal

PH7

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16
Q

What can be used to indicate the ‘concentration of’?

A

[….]

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17
Q

What are acids?

A

Compounds that produce extra hydrogen ions, When they dissolve in water

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18
Q

What does aq mean?

A

aqueous =dissolved in water

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19
Q

In terms of concentration what do acids have?

A

A greater concentration of hydrogen ion that hydroxide ions.

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20
Q 
When water is added to acids , what happens to the :
pH
Concentration of hydrogen ions 
Concentration of hydroxide ions 
Conductivity
A

pH increases
Concentration of hydrogen ions decreases
Concentration of hydroxide ions increases
Conductivity decreases

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21
Q

What are acids usually made from?

A

Covalent substances that break into ions in water

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22
Q

Why do acids conduct electricity ?

A

They contain ions

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23
Q

What is the chemical equation for the break up of hydrochloric acid in water ?

A

HCl (g) —–> + -

H + Cl

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24
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

And ionic formula

A

HCl

H+Cl-

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25
Q

What is the formula for sulphuric acid?

+ionic

A

H2SO4

(H+)2 SO4. 2+

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26
Q

What is the formula for nitric acid and ionic ?

A

HNO3

H+ NO3-

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27
Q

What is the formula for ethanoic acid and ionic ?

A

CH3 COOH

CH3 COO-H+

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28
Q

How can acids be made?

A

By dissolving non metal oxides in water

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29
Q

What is the chemical equation for the production of nitric acid?

A

NO2 + H2O > HNO3

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30
Q

What is the exception non metal oxide that does not produce an acid and why?

A

Silicon dioxide because it is insoluble (covalent network)

31
Q

What are alkalis ?

A

Compounds that produce extra hydroxide ions when they dissolve in water

32
Q

What is the chemical equation for the break up of sodium hydroxide in water?

A

NaOH (s) > Na+ (aq) + OH-

33
Q

What do alkalis have in terms of concentration?

A

Greater concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions

34
Q

What dissolve in water to produce alkaline solutions ?

A

Metal oxides and hydroxides

35
Q

What is the chemical equation for the production of sodium hydroxide? (Balanced)

A

Na2O + H2O > 2NaOH

36
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A continuous range from below 0 to above 14

37
Q

What effect do metal oxides have on water if they do not dissolve ?

A

No effect

38
Q

Give an example of a metal oxide which does not dissolve in water ?

A

Copper oxide

39
Q

What is special about ammonia ?

Give chemical equation and give the name of what it produces ?

A

It is the only covalent gas that can dissolve in water to produce an alkaline solution .

NH3 (g) + H2O > NH4OH (aq)

Ammonium hydroxide solution

40
Q

What is the formula and ionic formula of sodium hydroxide?

A

NaOH

Na+OH-

41
Q

What is the formula and ionic formula of potassium hydroxide ?

A

KOH

K+OH-

42
Q

What is the formula and ionic formula for calcium hydroxide?

What is it also known as?

A

Ca(OH)2

Ca2+ (OH-)2

Lime water

43
Q

What is the formula and ionic formula of ammonium hydroxide ?

A

NH4OH

NH4+ OH-

44
Q

Name 2 gases which cause acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

45
Q

What is neutralisation ?

A

The reaction of acids with bases

46
Q

What are the 3 bases ?

A

Metal hydroxides
Metal oxides
Metal carbonates

47
Q

What are based that dissolve in water also known as?

A

Alkalis

48
Q

What does the neutralisation of an acid with metal hydroxide produce ?

A

Salt + water

49
Q

Give the word equation for the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid using sodium hydroxide ?

A

Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > sodium chloride +water

50
Q

Give the chemical equation for the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid using sodium hydroxide

A

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

51
Q

Give the ionic equation for the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid using sodium hydroxide

A

Na+OH- + H+Cl- > Na+Cl- + H2O

52
Q

Once neutralised how can a soluble he obtained ?

A

By evaporation

53
Q

What are spectator ions ?

A

Ions present during the reaction but remain unchanged by the reaction

54
Q

What are the spectator ions in the neutralisation reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid ?

A

Sodium ions Na+ and chloride ions Cl-

55
Q

By removing spectator ions from an ionic equation what remains ?

A

H+ + OH- > H2O

56
Q

What is the salt formed from hydrochloric acid ?

A

Chloride

57
Q

What is the salt formed from sulphuric acid ?

A

Sulphate

58
Q

What is the salt formed from nitric acid ?

A

Nitrate

59
Q

What is the salt formed from ethanoic acid ?

A

Ethanoate

60
Q

What is produced during the neutralisation reaction between a metal oxide and an acid ?

A

Salt + water

61
Q

What is the word equation for the neutralisation of sulphuric acid using copper(II)oxide ?

A

Copper(II)oxide + sulphuric acid > copper(II)sulphate + water

62
Q

What is the chemical equation for the neutralisation of sulphuric acid using copper (II) oxide ?

A

CuO + H2SO4 > CuSO4 + H2O

63
Q

What is the ionic equation for the neutralisation of sulphuric acid using copper (II) oxide ?

A

Cu2+O2- + (H+)2SO42- > Cu2+SO42- + H2O

64
Q

Once neutralised how can excess insoluble reactant be removed ?

A

Filtration

65
Q

What are the spectator ions for the neutralisation reaction between sulphuric acid and copper(II)oxide ?

A

Copper. Cu2+

Sulphate SO42-

66
Q

What is the produced for the neutralisation of a metal carbonate and acid ?

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

67
Q

What is the word equation for the neutralisation of nitric acid using calcium carbonate ?

A

Calcium carbonate + nitric acid > calcium nitrate + water + carbon dioxide

68
Q

What is the chemical equation for the neutralisation of nitric acid using calcium carbonate ?

A

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 > Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

69
Q

What is the ionic equation for the neutralisation of nitric acid using calcium carbonate ?

A

Ca2+ CO32- + 2H+NO3- > Ca2+ (NO3-)2 + H2O + CO2

70
Q

What are the spectator ions for the neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and calcium carbonate ?

A

Calcium Ca2+

Nitrate NO3-

71
Q

What does titration find the volume of ?

A

Volume of solutions involved in a reaction

72
Q

For a chemical reaction to take place what must the particles of reacting substances do?

A

Collide with each other

73
Q

What factors can increase the chance of successful collision ?

A

Increasing surface area/ decreasing particle size
Increasing concentration
Increasing temperature
Adding a catalyst

nat 5 chemistry (13 decks)

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