Native americans is the USA

Question 1

How were conditions for Native Americans in late nineteenth/early twentieth century America?

Answer 1

Defeated by colonisers and placed on reservations
Children taken away from parents and ‘civilised’ in federal-funded boarding schools
Disease, poverty, racism, women were sterilised without their permission

Question 2

When were Native Americans granted US citizenship?

Answer 2

1924

Question 3

How did John Collier (Roosevelt’s Commissioner for Indian Affairs) improve conditions for Native Americans?

Answer 3

Persuaded Congress that Native American children should not be forced to attend Christian services and should be allowed to practise their own religion

Educational programmes

Sponsored the Indian Reorganisation Act 1934

Question 4

How many Native Americans were involved in WW2 ? What was the impact?

Answer 4

75,000 fought in the armed forces and worked in defence industries.
Returned with increased rights consciousness.

Question 5

How were Native Americans impacted by the Truman administration?

Answer 5

Congress created the Indian Claims Commision which compensated Native Americans for unjust land loss. initially succesfull (commision distrubuted around 400 million dollars)

1950 Dillon Myer appointed commissioner by truman.
sold Pueblo tribal land without consent +
tried to break up reservations+ his relocation programme aimed to get N.A jobs in citites but many ended up on welfare and returning to reservations.

Question 6

When did Congress terminate some reservations? Why?

Answer 6

1953 - Eisenhower administration
Especially on land which was valuable to white men and were Natives were poor.

Question 7

Why did Native Americans make less progress than African Americans in the Eisenhower years?

Answer 7

African Americans had more contact with whites and used white traditions (like litigation)
Native Americans were fewer, less urbanised and culturally disoriented
Separate tribes and geographical segregation worked against effective national organisation.

Question 8

When was the National Congress of American Indians established (NCAI)?

Answer 8

1944

Question 9

What was the aim of NCAI?

Answer 9

Not integration into US society, but for the survival of a separate Native American cultural identity.

Question 10

What did NCAI do?

Answer 10

Helped to bring about the end of Eisenhower’s termination policy in 1958
Persuaded Kennedy to create more jobs on reservations
Copied NAACP’s litigation strategy

Question 11

What was NIYC?

Answer 11

National Indian Youth Council

Question 12

What was the Red Power movement?

Answer 12

Inspired by the Black Power movement. NCAI director defined it was ‘ the political and economic power to run our own lives in our own way.’

Question 13

What was AIM?

Answer 13

American Indian Movement - most militant Red Power movement

Question 14

What were survival schools?

Answer 14

Schools established by AIM in Minneapolis 1972, which instructed urban children in Native languages and culture.

Question 15

What did AIM do?

Answer 15

Stressed the importance of positive imagery
Established survival schools
Wounded Knee
Monitored police racsim (leading Native Americans in local jails to drop by 60%)
Worked to improve ghetto housing, education and employment.

Question 16

When was the IAT (Indians of All Tribes) occupation of Alcatraz?

Answer 16

1969 -1971

Question 17

What happened in the IAT occupation of Alcatraz?

Answer 17

14 members of IAT occupied the unused prison Island and made headlines. In a month, over 600 Native Americans occupied the island.
Most left after the federal gov cut off telephones, electricity and water. Forces then invaded the island and physically evicted the remainder.

Question 18

What and when was the ‘Trail of Broken Treaties’?

Answer 18

1972 AIM activists march from San Fransisco to Washington, to publicise the need for compensation from US gov violations of treaties.
Protestors then occupied the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) building in Washington.

Question 19

When was Wounded Knee?

Answer 19

1973

Question 20

What happened in Wounded Knee?+ the impact?

Answer 20

Occupation to publisce the problems of the reservation (high suicide and alcholoism) + demanded free elections of tribal leaders, an investigation into BIA and review of all treaties.

Many protesters were AIM members

Several hostages were held at gunpoint, and federal forces quickly besieged the village.
After 71 days peace was agreed.

Federal gov promised an investigatory commission and became more sensitive to Native American concerns.

Question 21

What did Johnson do to help Native Americans?Impacts?

Answer 21

Native Americans were beneficiaries of his ‘war on poverty’
Appointed a Native American to head BIA in 1966
1968 Civil Rights Act contained an ‘Indian Bill of Rights’

It led to better health services, housing, education, welfare, and employment

Question 22

When was Nixon’s ‘Indian Self-Determination Act’ passed? What did it do?

Answer 22

1975
Restored the special legal status of Native American tribes. Gave them most of the powers exercised by state governments, some control over federal programmes on their lands, increased control over education.

Question 23

What did the Supreme Court recognise in US v. Wheeler (1978)?

Answer 23

The ‘unique and limited’ sovereignty of Native American tribes

Question 24

What are two examples of successful Native American litigation?

Answer 24

Restoration of 1800 acres to Narrangansetts in Rhode Island

$100 million to the Sioux for ‘dishonourable dealing’ in the acquisition of Black Hills in South Dakota (they rejected the money and demanded the land)

Question 25

how did the life for Native americans improve in late 20th century?

Answer 25

contained 2.5 million N.A a quarter of whom lived on reservations with greater pride in their ethnicity and protection from governemnt.

however income was still half of national vergae and their poverty, desease, unemployment, suicide and alc ohlism rates ramiend highest of all enthunc groups.

problems with self goverment remained with clashes with state and fedral authorities over land rights/ customs