hispanic americans Flashcards
What did the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act do for Latinos?
Made it easier to sue companies who engaged in discrimination.
What did the Office of Management and Budget report in 1977 (to do with affirmative action)?
They identified Spanish speakers as one of the groups who may be deserving of affirmative action.
How did the Civil Rights Act 1964 benefit Hispanic Americans in the workplace?
It ordered ‘color blind’ hiring
Why did journalists speak of the 1980s as the ‘Hispanic decade’?
Increasing number and politicisation of Hispanic Americans
Latino representation at all levels of government
Effectiveness of Latino lobbying
How many Latinos were in House of Representatives in 1970? 1992?
1970 = 5
1992 = 17
What is gerrymandering? What was the main reason for the increase in Latino government representation?
Manipulation of the boundaries of an electoral district to favor a party/class
A rapid increase in the Latino population led to the creation of new district boundaries, which enabled more Hispanic candidates to get elected. The constituionality of gerrymandering is an issue in the 21st century.
How did 1982 Amendments of the 1965 Voting Act affect Latinos?
Congressional districts had to be drawn so that an ethnic minority concentrated in a certain area could elect a candidate of their choice. This led to the election of more Latinos.
Despite advances in the 1980s, why were Latinos still worried about the white backlash (especially in the Regan years)?
cuts in social programmes
affirmative action described as ‘reverse discrimination’
Proposition 187
How did Proposition 187 effect Latinos?
It raised the political profile of Californian Latinos, and is an example of effective Latino lobbying.
Some believe that the increased Latino participation in elections after 1994 was in response to the Republican Party’s support of Proposition 187.
What % of US voters were Latino by 2000?
7%
What is one example of a legal case bought by Latino groups, which helped to erode de jure segregation in education?
Delgado v. Bastrop Indepedent School District, 1948 (ruled against segregation of Mexican Americans in the public schools of Texas)
Why did poor areas have worse schools?
What percentage of Latinos graduated high school in 2000?
School financing depended on local property taxes.
52%
Was bilingual education widely accepted?
No. In many states it was generally banned, such as California, desptied the 1968 Bilingual Education Act.
What did poorly educated Lations turn to for work?
What were the Latino poverty levels like?
¼ of Latino families lived below the poverty line
Informal economy - e.g. drug trafficking, smuggling, casual labour and babysitting. These jobs became family traditions and it was hard to escape.
Who were Mareilitos?
125,000 Cubans that Castro allowed to enter the US, from the port of Mariel.
They were darker-skinned, had criminal records and were often sick. This created more anti-immigrant feeling in the US- They did not consider them legitimate political refugees..
