nasm ch 05

Question 1

Sagittal plane

Answer 1

divides body into right and left sides

flexion/extension

Question 2

Frontal plane

Answer 2

divides body into anterior and posterior sides (front/back)

abduction/adduction

Question 3

Transverse plane:

Answer 3

divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
internal rotation/external rotation

Question 4

Superior

Answer 4

Higher. The nose is superior to the mouth.

Question 5

Inferior

Answer 5

Lower. The nostrils are most visible on the inferior aspect of the nose.

Question 6

Anterior

Answer 6

Toward the front. The nose is on the anterior side of the head.

Question 7

Posterior:

Answer 7

Toward the rear. The posterior side of the head is frequently covered in hair.

Question 8

Dorsal:

Answer 8

In humans, toward the back of the torso. The shoulder blades are dorsal to the ribs.

Question 9

Ventral

Answer 9

In humans, toward the front of the torso. The navel is on the ventral aspect of the body.

Question 10

Left and right

Answer 10

absolute terms instead of relative terms. These terms separate one half of the body from the other. The right arm will always be the right arm, and the right lung is right even though it is not as far right as the right arm.

Question 11

Medial

Answer 11

Closer to the midline, or dividing line between right and left halves, of the body. The neck is medial to the shoulder.

Question 12

Lateral

Answer 12

Farther from the midline. The eye is lateral to the nose.

Question 13

Proximal

Answer 13

Closer to the point of attachment with the torso. In other words, closer to the shoulder or the hip. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Question 14

Distal

Answer 14

Farther from the point of attachment. The ankle is distal to the knee.

Question 15

contralateral

Answer 15

opposite side of the body

Question 16

Ipsilateral

Answer 16

same side of the body

Question 17

muscle contracts in 1 of two ways

Answer 17

isometric, isotonic

Question 18

Isometric Muscle Contractions

Answer 18

Isometric contractions occur when the muscle contracts but there is no movement. For example when pushing against a heavy object or holding a wall sit position.

Question 19

Isotonic Muscle Contractions

Answer 19

Muscle contractions which result in movement are known as isotonic contractions. There are two types of isotonic muscle contraction - Concentric and Eccentric.

Question 20

Concentric

Answer 20

Concentric muscle contractions are the most common form of contraction. These occur when the muscle shortens in length in order to make the bone move. These contractions occur when the body is working against gravity. For example - a bicep curl exercise. When the arm is bent from the straightened position, the Biceps Brachii muscle is working concentrically. The muscle is shortening to move the bones of the forearm and decrease the angle at the elbow.

Question 21

Eccentric

Answer 21

Eccentric contractions are the opposite of concentric contractions. The muscle contracts but increases in length. This type of contraction occurs usually in the direction of gravity, to control a movement. For example, using the same biceps curl exercise - as the arm is slowly straightened from the bent position, the Biceps Brachii muscle contracts eccentrically to control the downward movement and increase the angle at the joint.
Eccentric contractions are much more challenging on the muscle and so should be used in the late stages of rehabilitation only. However, they are very important in the rehabilitation of many injuries, especially for hamstring strains and achilles tendinopathy.

Question 22

Isokinetic muscle action

Answer 22

An isokinetic muscle contraction is one in which the muscle contracts and shortens at constant rate of speed. This type of muscle contraction usually requires special, expensive training equipment that increases the load as it senses that the muscle contraction is speeding up.
The benefit of this type of resistance training is that the muscle gains strength evenly all through the entire range of movement and it is one of the fastest ways to increase muscle strength.

Question 23

Length-tension relationship

Answer 23

the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this length

Question 24

force-couple

Answer 24

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 25

first class lever

Answer 25

fulcrum in the middle, effort and resistance on either end
ex: see saw
nodding your head

Question 26

second class lever

Answer 26

resistance in the middle, fulcrum and effort on either end
ex: wheelbarrow
full-body calf raise

Question 27

third class lever

Answer 27

effort in the middle, fulcrum and resistance on either end (effort between fulcrum and resistance
ex: forearm - dumbbell curl

Question 28

rotary motion

Answer 28

movement of the bones around a joint

Question 29

torque

Answer 29

force that produces rotation
measured in newton-meters (Nm)
the farther away from the point of rotation - the more torque (cheater pipe)

Question 30

motor behavior

Answer 30

response to internal and external

collectively the study of motor control, motor learning and motor development

Question 31

motor control

Answer 31

how the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experience to produce a motor response

Question 32

motor learning

Answer 32

integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

Question 33

motor development

Answer 33

the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

Question 34

muscle synergies

Answer 34

groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement
simplifies movement by allowing muscles and joints to move as a functional unit

Question 35

proprioception

Answer 35

the cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense postion and limb movements

Question 36

sensory integration

Answer 36

the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Question 37

feedback

Answer 37

the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Question 38

internal feedback

Answer 38

the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
info from body… length-tension relationships (posture), force-couple relationships (sensory) and arthokinematics

Question 39

external feedback

Answer 39

information provided by an external source… fitness professional, videoing, mirror, HRM, etc