nasm ch 05 Flashcards
Sagittal plane
divides body into right and left sides
flexion/extension
Frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior sides (front/back)
abduction/adduction
Transverse plane:
divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
internal rotation/external rotation
Superior
Higher. The nose is superior to the mouth.
Inferior
Lower. The nostrils are most visible on the inferior aspect of the nose.
Anterior
Toward the front. The nose is on the anterior side of the head.
Posterior:
Toward the rear. The posterior side of the head is frequently covered in hair.
Dorsal:
In humans, toward the back of the torso. The shoulder blades are dorsal to the ribs.
Ventral
In humans, toward the front of the torso. The navel is on the ventral aspect of the body.
Left and right
absolute terms instead of relative terms. These terms separate one half of the body from the other. The right arm will always be the right arm, and the right lung is right even though it is not as far right as the right arm.
Medial
Closer to the midline, or dividing line between right and left halves, of the body. The neck is medial to the shoulder.
Lateral
Farther from the midline. The eye is lateral to the nose.
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment with the torso. In other words, closer to the shoulder or the hip. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment. The ankle is distal to the knee.
contralateral
opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
same side of the body
muscle contracts in 1 of two ways
isometric, isotonic
Isometric Muscle Contractions
Isometric contractions occur when the muscle contracts but there is no movement. For example when pushing against a heavy object or holding a wall sit position.
Isotonic Muscle Contractions
Muscle contractions which result in movement are known as isotonic contractions. There are two types of isotonic muscle contraction - Concentric and Eccentric.
Concentric
Concentric muscle contractions are the most common form of contraction. These occur when the muscle shortens in length in order to make the bone move. These contractions occur when the body is working against gravity. For example - a bicep curl exercise. When the arm is bent from the straightened position, the Biceps Brachii muscle is working concentrically. The muscle is shortening to move the bones of the forearm and decrease the angle at the elbow.
Eccentric
Eccentric contractions are the opposite of concentric contractions. The muscle contracts but increases in length. This type of contraction occurs usually in the direction of gravity, to control a movement. For example, using the same biceps curl exercise - as the arm is slowly straightened from the bent position, the Biceps Brachii muscle contracts eccentrically to control the downward movement and increase the angle at the joint.
Eccentric contractions are much more challenging on the muscle and so should be used in the late stages of rehabilitation only. However, they are very important in the rehabilitation of many injuries, especially for hamstring strains and achilles tendinopathy.
Isokinetic muscle action
An isokinetic muscle contraction is one in which the muscle contracts and shortens at constant rate of speed. This type of muscle contraction usually requires special, expensive training equipment that increases the load as it senses that the muscle contraction is speeding up.
The benefit of this type of resistance training is that the muscle gains strength evenly all through the entire range of movement and it is one of the fastest ways to increase muscle strength.
Length-tension relationship
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this length
force-couple
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
