nasm ch 03

Question 1

Mediastinum

Answer 1

the space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs

Question 2

Cardiac muscle contraction

Answer 2

Fibers shorter & more tightly connected so stimulate others to contract synchronously; built in contraction rhythm & highest rhythm fibers determine rate

Question 3

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 3

Heart pacemaker in right atrium; initiates heartbeat

Question 4

Atrium (atria)

Answer 4

The smaller, superior chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the lower & larger chambers. gather blood returning to the heart act like a reservoir

Question 5

Right atrium

Answer 5

Chamber which gathers deoxygenated blood returning via the veins to the heart from the body

Question 6

Left atrium

Answer 6

Superior left chamber which gathers reoxygenated blood returning via the veins to the heart from the lungs

Question 7

Ventricles

Answer 7

Thelarger, inferior chambers of the heart which receive blood from the corresponding superior & smaller chambers and force blood into the arteries; main pumps in the heart

Question 8

Right ventricle

Answer 8

Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from corresponding chamber and pumps it through the pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 9

Left ventricle

Answer 9

Chamber that receives reoxygenated blood from corresponding chamber and pumps it through the aorta artery to the body

Question 10

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 10

Amount of blood pumped out with each contraction of a ventricle; approximately 75-80 mL/beat
difference between ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) => EDV-ESV

Question 11

Cardiac output (Q)

Answer 11

SV x HR, stroke volume x heart rate

Question 12

Blood transports

Answer 12

Oxygen and nutrients to tissues, waste products from tissues, hormones to organs and tissues, heat throughout

Question 13

Blood regulates

Answer 13

Body temperature and acid balance

Question 14

Blood protects what

Answer 14

One function of this material is to protect the body from excessive bleeding by clotting, contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease

Question 15

Arteries

Answer 15

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart, more muscular

Question 16

Veins

Answer 16

Vessels that carry blood towards the heart, closer to surface, contain valves to keep blood flowing towards heart

Question 17

Blood vessels

Answer 17

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body

Question 18

Aorta

Answer 18

The root systemic artery that receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and then branches to the upper and lower body; largest artery

Question 19

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 19

Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood that has just returned from the body to the heart towards the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen

Question 20

Pulmonary veins

Answer 20

Vessels that carry reoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 21

Superior and inferior vena cava

Answer 21

2 major vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

Question 22

Arterioles

Answer 22

Small terminal branches of an artery which end in capillaries

Question 23

Capillaries

Answer 23

The smallest blood vessels which connect venules with arterioles

Question 24

Venules

Answer 24

Very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins

Question 25

Respiratory pump

Answer 25

The combination of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissue (muscles and pleural membranes) located in the thoracic cavity that supports inspiration and expiration

Question 26

Inspiration

Answer 26

The process of actively contracting muscles to move air into the body

Question 27

Expiration

Answer 27

The process of passively relaxing (or actively contracting if heavy breathing) muscles to move air out of the body

Question 28

Respiratory bones

Answer 28

Sternum, ribs, vertebrae

Question 29

Inspiratory muscles

Answer 29

Normal- diaphragm, external intercostal, Deep- add scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

Question 30

Expiratory muscles

Answer 30

Internal intercostals, abdominals

Question 31

Conduction passageways

Answer 31

All the passageways through which air passes before entering the respiratory passageways; nasal & oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, right & left pulmonary bronchi, bronchioles

Question 32

Respiratory passageways

Answer 32

Alveoli, alveolar sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion

Question 33

Oxygen consumption (VO2) at rest

Answer 33

About 3.5 mL /kg body weight/minute or 1 MET | VO2 = Q X a - v o2

Question 34

VO2 max

Answer 34

Highest rate of oxygen consumption at maximal physical exertion, 40-80 mL/kg body weight or 11-23 METs

Question 35

Submaximal VO2 protocols

Answer 35

Rockport Walk Test, Step Test, good generalizations but based on assumptions that can contribute to estimate errors

Question 36

diffusion

Answer 36

getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body

Question 37

Fick equation

Answer 37

VO2 = Q X a - v o2 | VO2 is a product of cardiac output