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NASM Study Deck > nasm ch 02 > Flashcards

nasm ch 02 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nervous System

A

It is a conglomeration of billions of cells forming nerves that are specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

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2
Q

kinetic chain

A

nervous system, skeletal system and muscular system

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3
Q

sensory function

A

The ability to sense changes in either external or internal environments

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4
Q

integrative function

A

The ability to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces appropriate response

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5
Q

Motor function

A

Neuromuscular response to sensory information

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6
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative neural input to the central nervous system from mechanoreceptors that senses position and limb movement

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7
Q

Neuron

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

Sensory/Afferent neurons

A

transmit nerve impulses from effector sites( such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmits information from one neuron to another

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10
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

Transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effetor sites

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11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord & it interprets information

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensory receptor responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues. muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

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14
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Fibers that are sensitive to change in length of muscle and rate of that change, major sensory organs of muscle. parallel to muscle fibers. transmit info to cns when stretched. causes muscle to contract to prevent overstretching/ stretching too fast.

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15
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change. musculotendinous junction. sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. causes relaxation to prevent xs stress/injury.

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16
Q

Joint Receptors

A

In and around joint capsule. Responds to pressure, acceleration and deceleration of joint. signals extreme joint positions. Initiates reflexive inhibitory response in surrounding muscles.

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17
Q

skeletal system

A

the body’s framework - bones and joints

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18
Q

bones

A

These form junctions that are connected by muscles and connective tissue.

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19
Q

Joints

A

Sites where movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

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20
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, rib cage, vertebral column 80 bones

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21
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

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22
Q

remodeling

A

resorption and formation of bone

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone cell that removes bone tissue

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

cell that forms bone

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25
Q

Epiphysis

A

the end of long bones which is mainly composed of cancellous none and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

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26
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft portion of long bone

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27
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

the region of ling bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. it is a layer subdividing cartiginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs

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28
Q

periosteum

A

a dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane

29
Q

medullar cavity

A

the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

30
Q

articular (hyaline) cartilate

A

covered the articular surfaces of bone

31
Q

depressions

A

flattened or indented portions of bone - can be muscle attachment sites

32
Q

processes

A

projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons and ligaments can attach

33
Q

arthokinematics

A

joint motion

34
Q

synovial joints

A

held together by a joint capsule & ligaments and most associated with movement in the body

35
Q

nonsynovial joints

A

do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage - skull, distal tibia and fibula

36
Q

ligament

A

connects bones together. provides stability, input to nervous system, guidance and limits joint movement

37
Q

muscular system

A

series of muscles that moves the skeleton

38
Q

three muscle type

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

39
Q

Epimysium

A

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

40
Q

Fascicle

A

next bundle of muscle fiber

41
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

42
Q

Endomysium

A

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

43
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissues that attach to bone and provide and anchor for muscles to produce force. (also have poor vascularity)

44
Q

Sarcolemma

A

A plasma membrane that encases muscle fibers

45
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contain myofillaments that are the actual contractile components of muscle tissue. (aka actin & myosin)

46
Q

Sarcomere

A

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin & myosin.

47
Q

Neural Activation

A

The contraction of muscle generated by neural stimulation

48
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor UnitA motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

49
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

50
Q

Type I Muscle Fibers

A

Slow-twitch. Contain a large number of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin.(aka red fibers) Smaller in size.

51
Q

Type II Muscle Fibers

A

Fast-twitch and sub divided into IIa & IIx.
less number of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
white fibers

52
Q

IIa muscle fibers

A

have higher oxidative capacity and fatigue more slowly than IIx. (aka. intermediate fast-twitch fibers). Can use aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to create energy. kinda sorta combo of I and II

53
Q

IIx

A

have low oxidative capacity (ability to use oxygen.) and fatigue quickly.

54
Q

Agonist

A

Muscles that are *prime movers.

55
Q

Synergist

A

Assist prime movers during movement.

56
Q

Stabilizer

A

Support and stabilize the body (while prime mover and synergist perform movement)

57
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that perform the *opposite action of prime mover.

58
Q

Endocrine System

A

System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, including mood control, growth and development, tissue function, & metabolism.

59
Q

Primary endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal

60
Q

How blood glucose is regulated

A

regulated by the pancreas which produces to specific hormones, insulin and glucagon

61
Q

Insulin

A

regulates energy and glucose metabolism in body.
Meal=> glucose enters blood in sm intestine =>
blood sugar rises => hits pancreas, releases insulin
=> insulin binds w muscle & liver cells => glucose binds w cells, blood sugar drops.
insulin causes cells in the liver & muscle to take on blood glucose, storing it as glycogen

62
Q

Glucagon

A

has the opposite affect of insulin.
hours after meal or physical activity, blood sugar drops => triggers release of glucagon from pancreas => stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose => released in to blood

63
Q

Thin vs thick filament

A

Actin = thin, Myosin = thick

64
Q

steps in sliding filament theory

A

1) sarcomere shortens as a result of the z lines moving together
2) z lines come together as a result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filaments and asynchronously pulling the actin across the filament across the myosin heads - shortening the muscle fiber

65
Q

muscle contraction

A

1) ACh is released binding to receptors (chemical - originating from the synaptic terminal)
2) action potential reaches the t tuble
3) sarcoplasmic riticulum releases Ca2+
4) active site exposure cross-bridge binding. ATP binding to myosin causes it to release actin, allowing actin and myosin to detach from each other. After this occurs, ATP is converted to ADP and Pi. ADP and Pi release - power stroke
5) Contraction begins

66
Q

muscle relaxation

A

1) Ach is removed by AChE
2) sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures Ca2+
3) active sites are covered, no cross-bridge interaction (covered by tropomyosin in a relaxed state)
4) contraction ends
5) relaxation occurs, muscle returns to resting length

67
Q

exercise and blood sugar

A

activity increases => body uses blood glucose => insulin levels drop => pancreas increases secretion of glucagon => blood glucose rises

68
Q

endocrine organs

A

pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, stomach, pancreas, doudenum, ovary, testies

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