Nasal Flashcards
What is the most common clinical manifestation of nasal disease?
Discharge
What are the three categories of nasal discharge?
Serous
Purulent
Purely hemorrhagic.
Significant and prolonged epistaxis etiologies
Neoplasia
mitotic
hypertension
coags
Rickettsial disease
Polycythemia
Hyperviscosity syndrome
First question to ask when discussing nasal discharge?
Is it acute or chronic.
Differentials for serous discharge?
Normal
Viral
Early mucopurulent.
Ulceration of the nasal plane is highly suggestive of what infectious etiology?
Aspergillus
Polypoid mass extending from the nares of a cat or dog is commonly seen with what infectious etiology?
Cat- Crypto
Dog- rhinosporidiosis
What etiology creates this lesion?
Cryptococcous.
Not the optic disc in the upper left hand corner.
Chororetinitis can occur with what nasal diseases?
Cryptococcous
Lymphoma
ehriliciosis
Von Willebrands factor should be tested on what type of dog with epistaxis?
Any pure bred dog.
What infectious diseases besides fungal should be tested for if epistaxis is present?
Erhilicosis
Bartonella
Rocky mountain spotted fever.
How does FIV cause chronic nasal discharge vs FeLV?
FeLV reduces immune response to viral infections of the upper airway
FIV can cause it by itself..
The blood test of choice for cryptococcosis?
latex agglutination capsular antigen test (LCAT)
High proportions of cats with chronic nasal discharge suffer from?
feline chronic rhinosinusitis and are diagnosed only through exclusion.
In the absence of a diagnosis, nasal imaging (preferably CT or MRI), rhinoscopy, and biopsy can be repeated after a?
1-2 month period.
What is the final step for diagnosing chronic nasal discharge?
Exploratory rhinotomy with turbinectomy
Are there nasal mites and what do they cause?
Yes, Pneumonyssoides caninum, and they cause sneeze
What cannot you not exclude as a diagnosis even when sneezing subsides?
FB
Other causes for reverse sneezing in a dog?
FB in the nasopharynx
Epiglottic entrapment
Pharyngeal disease!
Stertor indicates?
Upper airway obstruction
What are the two main reasons to image a nose first before rhinoscopy?
(1) The results of nasal imaging help the clinician direct biopsy instruments to the most abnormal regions
(2) rhinoscopy and biopsy cause hemorrhage, which obscures soft tissue detail.
What four views are recommneded to evaluate the skull?
lateral
ventrodorsal
intraoral
frontal sinus or skyline
What additional skull views are needed for cats?
Bullae due to the frequency of ostitis media with nasal disease
Open mouth
What worms can be seen in the nose?
Capillaria
What is the landmark for the most caudal extent of a blind biopsy of the nose?
medial cathus
What causes 90% of the URIs in cats?
Feline herpesvirus (FHV), also known as feline rhinotracheitis virus
feline calicivirus (FCV)
What other clinical signs can be caused by FCV besides URIs?
oral ulcerations
mild interstitial pneumonia
polyarthritis
High virulent strains can cause edema or vasculitis.
Persistent nasal discharge with nasal turbinate destruction in a young cat could indicate what infection or previous infection?
FHV
Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies suggestive what disease process when swabbing conjunctiva or nasal?
Aspergillosis is a normal inhabitant of what?
nasal cavity of many animals including some dogs
What fungus can cause similar clinical signs as aspergillosis?
Penicillium
Clinical signs of nasal aspergillous
focal areas of turbinate lysis
What worm infects the nasal cavity and is carried by foxes?
Capillaria.
Where do nasal polyps attach?
The base of the euthastion tube.
