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Internal Medicine > Lower Respiratory > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What clinical signs can be seen with lower airway disease?

A 
Cough
Exercise intolerance
Weakness
Cyanosis
Synope
Fever
Anorexia
Weight loss
Depression
Rare but vomiting
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2
Q

How do you divide coughing?

A

Productive

Non-productive

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3
Q

What does productive mean?

A

Usually inflammation or infectious of the airways or alveoli.

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4
Q

What is hemoptysis and what is it commonly caused by?

A

Hemoptysis is coughing up blood and commonly occurs with heartworm disease or pulmonary neoplasia

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5
Q

Coughing cats the suspicion for what diseases are high?

A

Bronchitits
Lung worms
Heartworms.

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6
Q

Animals with severe respiratory distress but a clear thorax usually are dealing with?

A

Lagging pathology

PTE

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7
Q

Mineralized nodules are seen in what disease?

A

Histoplasmosis

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8
Q

Cystic/cavitary pulmonary lesion in a cat?

A

Paragonimus
Neoplasia
Traumatic bulla
Abscess, granuloma

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9
Q

What type of 99mTc is used for mucocillar clearnace?

A

99mTc - Albumin

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10
Q

Chronic bronchitis is commonly seen in what dogs?

A

Terriers
Cocker spaniels
Poodles

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11
Q

What other common problem is seen with ciliary diskensia?

A

Low sperm motility

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12
Q

What percentage of cats get pneumonia via hematogenous spread?

A

50% of all pneumonias according to one 2003 study

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13
Q

Diagnosis of distemper?

A

Conjunctival scrapings

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14
Q

What is one thing that can be done to look for gas if concerned for an abscess?

A

Horizontal beam…. a lateral will not show gas very well.

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15
Q

Histoplasmosis is commonly seen in what other organ besides the lungs and GI in cats?

A

Eyes - Chorioretinitis

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16
Q

Miliary lung pattern in dogs is created by what etiologies?

A 
Fungal
Neoplasia
Parasitic
Atypical bacterial (mycobacterial)
Eosinophilic
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17
Q

What intestinal parasite is likely to have transient pneumonia secondary to larvae migration?

A

Toxocara canis - seen in puppies

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18
Q

What are the four common lung worms?

A

Capillaria aerophila - rare
Paragonimus - flukes (Great lakes, Midwest, southern US)
Aelurostrongylus - cats
Crenosoma vulpis - foxes and dogs (Atlantic canada and europe

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19
Q

What lungs does paragonimus usually reside?

A

Caudal lung lobes - causing granulmas

More common in cats

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20
Q

Paragonimus can cause what if the cyst ruptures?

A

Pneumothorax.

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21
Q

Aelurostrongylus can mimic what other parasite?

A

HW - causing pulmonary arterial enlargement

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22
Q

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia generally denotes inflammation of what?

A

Alevolar septa

23
Q

interstitial pneumonia has what differential list?

A 
Idiopathic
Eosinophilic
Systemic lupus
Allergic
Toxins (smoking)
Neoplasia
24
Q

What needs to be excluded to make the diagnosis of idipathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Drugs/Toxins
Environmental exposures
Collagen vascular diseases

25
Q

What is the histopathologic difference between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in cat/humans and dogs?

A

Dogs deposit collagen with no fibroblastic foci.

26
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis requires a what for definitive diagnosis?

A

Biopsy.

27
Q

Predominant carcinomas of the lungs?

A

Adenocarcinoma
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
SCC

28
Q

How can primary lung tumors cause anemia?

A

Erode the vessels and cause bleeding.

29
Q

Pulmonary hypertension is what?

A

Pulmonary systolic pressure >30mmHg - needs cardiac catheterization for definitive diagnosis

30
Q

Doppler echocardiography can estimate pulmonary artery pressure where?

A

Pulmonary or tricuspid valvular insufficiency

31
Q

Three ways to cause pulmonary hypertension?

A

Venous obstruction
Increased pulmonary blood flow by congential lesion
Increased vascular resistance.

32
Q

Increased vascular resistance can happen due to?

A

Response to V/Q (ventilation and perfusion) mismatch.
Chronic lung disease
PTE
HW
Endothelial dysfunction
Vascular remodeling - VenoOcclusive disease

33
Q

What does A-a gradient mean?

A

Alveoli-arteriol gradient. The amount of oxygen in the alveoli vs in the blood. It tells you how well the transfer of blood is happening.

Ex. High A-a gradient when there is a PTE or right to left shunt. High Alveoli concentration of O2 but low arteriol.

34
Q

What is V/Q mismatch?

A

When ventilation does not match perfusion… ex PTE, chronic lung disease.

35
Q

Why are the lungs a common place for PTEs?

A

Slow flow area.

36
Q

Etiologies that predispose animals to PTE?

A 
Trauma
Surgery
Hyperviscosity
Neoplasia
Cushings
IMHA
Hyperlidemia
Glomerulopathies
Pancreatitis
Cardimyopathies.
37
Q

Where do most PTEs occur?

A

Caudal lungs

38
Q

Radiographic signs of a PTE?

A 
Blunted arteries
Wedge shaped alveolar or interstitial patterns
Hyperlucent lungs
Right sided heart enlargement
Mild pleural effusion
39
Q

Etiologies for pulmonary edema

A 
Hypoalbuminemia
Toxins - Cisplatin in cats, snake venom
Uremia
Pancreatitis
PTE
Neurogenic - Seizures and head trauma.
40
Q

What other clinical signs are seen with ciliary dyskansia?

A

Sperm motility
Earing loss
Hydrocephalus

41
Q

What is Kartaganders consist of?

A

Ciliary dyskansia
rhinosinusitis
Bronchiectasis
Situs inversus

42
Q

MPA to Aorta ratio for hypertension on CT?

A

> 1.6 is considered hypertension

43
Q

Other weird reason for pulmonary hypertension?

A

Chronic PTE

44
Q

Where are most PTEs located?

A

Caudal lungs

45
Q

Specific thrombus window and level is?

A

100 WL and 700WW

46
Q

What is another reason for airtrapping and dilated bronchi see on CT besides bronchial disease?

A

PTE

47
Q

Tracheal in cats is rare and likely secondary to what?

A

Other obstructive disease…. trauma, FB

48
Q

Oslerus osleri is seen in what age of dog?

A

YOUNG 2 yo or less

49
Q

What are the common mycotic diseases?

A

Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiodmycosis

50
Q

What CT sign is indicative of pulmonary fibrous?

A

Honeycombing

51
Q

What is the number 1 mediastinal mass in cats?

A

Lymphoma

Others include
Thyroid carcinoma
thymoma
parathyroid carcinoma

52
Q

Common cause for pyothorax?

A

idiopathic

53
Q

When to check a pyothorax on rads?

A

1-2 days to ensure chest is empty.

The day of removal of chest tube
1 week after removal and 1 month after removal.

54
Q

Easy ddx for panting or tachypneic dog?

A

Systemic hypertension

Internal Medicine (12 decks)

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