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Infection, immunity and repair > Nanomaterials and therapeutic applications > Flashcards

Nanomaterials and therapeutic applications Flashcards

1
Q

What is nanotechnology?

A

Manipulation of materials at the nanoscale

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2
Q

What are the benefits of nanotechnology?

A

More efficient

Less wasteful

Complete control over process

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3
Q

What does macro mean?

A

Things we can deterct with the eyes

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4
Q

What does micro mean?

A

Thigs we can see with a light microscope

Includes cells

Down to 10^-6 of a m

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5
Q

What does nano mean?

A

Components of the cells

Need more sophisticate microscopes

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6
Q

What does pico mean?

A

Can’t theoretically see

Components of an atom

Measured using a H collider

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7
Q

How many units is the difference between macro-> micro-> nano -> pico?

A

10^-3

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8
Q

What effect does the increase of SA:V of molecules on a nanoscale have on properties of molecules?

A

Changes thermal, mechanical and catalytic properties of the molecules

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9
Q

What is a material that reflects the tunability of nanotechnology to fundamental properties without altering the chemical composition?

A

Carbon

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10
Q

What are the different forms we can find carbon?

A

Soot

Graphite

Buckyball

Graphene

Nanotubes

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11
Q

What is soot?

A

Amorphous or randomly organised carbon

Naturally ocurring

Manipulating the structure of this material on a nanoscale produces man-made nanomaterials

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12
Q

What is graphite?

A

Hexagonal grids of carbon

Sea of free electrons above and below the plane

Layers allowed to slide past one another

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13
Q

What is a buckyball?

A

Hollow cage ligke structure

Used for drug delivery

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14
Q

What is Graphene?

A

One atom thick sheets of carbon

Almost 2D materials

Electrons can move around to form superconductors - conductivity can be altered by changing orientation of the stacking of these layers

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15
Q

What are Nanotubes?

A

Rolled up graphene sheets

Thermally conductive

Allows to package things

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16
Q

Why is it useful to use nanotechnology in medicine?

A

Most body interactions happen on as nanoscale

Enxymatic reactions
Cell to cell communication

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17
Q

What are 3 ways in which we can use nanotechnology in medicine?

A

Diagnostics

Treatment

Monitoring

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18
Q

How can nanotechnology be used to diagnose conditions?

A

Detect and identify markers for the disease

Biosensors and microarrays

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19
Q

What are the three parts of diagnostics using nanomaterials?

A
  1. Sample - urine, cell culture and food
  2. Sample is detercted by a bioreceptor of biological component
  3. Electical interface transduces the signal resulting from that interaction into another signal that can be quantified
20
Q

What is an example of nanomaterials used for diagnostic purposes?

A

Microarray

Grid-like array of tiny spots of nucleic acid

Attached to solid substrate

Allows to screen for many thousands of genes at once

Can map entire genomes - each dot represents one gene, used in genomics and drug screening

21
Q

How can nanoparticles be used to treat conditions?

A

Nano-vehicle -> drug delivery

Tissue engineering

Regenerative medicine - nanocoatings and nanocomposites

22
Q

How do nanoparticles designed for drug delivery escape opsonisation by the immune system?

A

Surface of nanoparticles is conjugated with proteins and polymers

23
Q

What is another advantage of coating nano-vehicles with proteins?

A

Prevent clearance

More time for drug to be taken up by the target tissues

24
Q

What is another strategy used by nano-vehicles to enhace they uptake of drugs by tissues?

A

Nano-vehicles can adhere to antibodies, ligands and peptides

To enhance uptake in tissues

25
Q

How can nanoparticles be used for monitoring of conditions?

A

Imaging purposes

26
Q

What is an example of a nanoparticle readily used for imaging purposes?

A

Gold nanoparticles

Exhibit tumour retention time

27
Q

What determines the migration of imaging nanoparticles to different parts of the body?

A

Size

Charge

Surface ligand

28
Q

How do nanovehicles accumulate at tumour sites?

A

Leach out from leaky tumour vasculature into surrounding tissue

Retained at tumour sites due to dysfunctional lymphatic drainage system

= enhanced permability and retention effect

29
Q

What detemines the distribution of nano vehicles in cancer-striken patient?

A

Tumour cell growth gradient

Intertumour pressure

30
Q

How do nanoparticles target tumours?

A

Nanoparticles target the tumour using:

Molecular ligands - antibodies and peptides

That recognise protein targets and receptors overexpressed on the surface of tumour cells

31
Q

Disadvantages of nano-vehicle drug delivery

A

Long term tocity of nanoparticles hasn’t been established

Clearance time

Undesired accumulation in non-target tissues following delivery routes

Non-biodegradable particles

32
Q

How can nanoparticles be used to engineer tissues?

A

Can be used to communicate and interact with surrounding environement

Nanoconstructs designed to create synthetic tissues where cells can grow

Nanomaterials can also be used to build cell-responsive scaffolds - mimic ECM

33
Q

How must nanoconstructed engineered tissue match organic matter?

A

Nanomaterials must match organic matter in:

Mechanical properties
Surface chemistry
Typography

34
Q

Example where nanomaterial is used as disinfectant

A

Impregnate catheters with light-activatable dyes and gold nanoparticles

Lazer light of specific wavelenght is introduced up the lumen of the catheter

Reactivity of gold nanoparticles and dyes yield ROSs

Destroy cells and produce antimicrobial effects

35
Q

What is the range of size of nanoengineered systems?

A

1 - 100 nm

36
Q

What are the different types of materials that can make up nanomaterials?

A

Organic/ inorganic

Biodegradable/ non-biodegradable

37
Q

What factors can modulate nanoparticle distribution in the body?

A

Size

Chemical composition

Hydrophobicity

Surface charge

Shape

38
Q

What are the different shapes of nanoparticles?

A

Rod-shaped -> gold

Spherical -> silicon

Icosahedral

39
Q

What pathogen do nanomaterial shapes mimic?

A

Viruses - effective biological nanomachines

Mimic their efficacy of cellular uptake

40
Q

What is a theranostic?

A

Describes multifunctionalizatin of nanoparticles

Can incorporate therapeutic and imaging agents into one nanoparticle

41
Q

What are advantages of theranostics?

A

Improves prognosis of conditions

42
Q

How do nanoparticles interact with host?

A

Via the nano-bio interface

43
Q

What are the 3 components to the nano-bio interface?

A

Nanoparticle surface physiochemical composition

Interaction with components surrounding the medium - proteins and aq environment in blood

Contact zone or interface with biological surface

44
Q

What does the nanoparticle surface physiochemical composition determine?

A

Whether the nanoparticle is biodegradable or not

45
Q

What does the contact zone with biological substrate refer to?

A

How the nanoparticle binds to the CSM on target cells

Infection, immunity and repair (52 decks)

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