Macrophage in inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What did Cornelius Celsius describe inflammation as?

A

Heat

Swelling

Redness

Pain

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2
Q

What is the fifth cardinal sign added to the description of inflammation?

A

Loss of function

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3
Q

What are the 3 conditions needed to build an immune system?

A

A recognition system

A communication system

A defense system

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4
Q

What does the recognition system entail?

A

PAMPs and PRRs

Recognise non-self components

1996 - drosofila mutant without toll receptor succumbed to fungal disease

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5
Q

What does the communication system entail?

A

Chemokines - recruit cells where needed

Neutrophils - monocytes - ect

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6
Q

What is the process of diapedesis?

A

Cell in circulation start rolling on the cell surface

Selectins make it adhere

Integrins make it adhere firmly

Migrate between or through endothelial cells using PCAMS and JAMS

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7
Q

What does PCAMS mean?

A

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules

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8
Q

What does JAMS mean?

A

Junctional Adhesion molecules

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9
Q

What does the defence system entail?

A

Barrier/ complement system

Phagocytes

Membrane bound PRRs

PRR ligation results in cytokines and chemokine secretion

Coordination of responses by different cell types

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10
Q

Appearance of monocytes

A

Relatively large cytoplasm

Horseshoe-shaped nucleus

LY6C and CXCR1 are cell surface proteins that can be stained with fluorescent antibodies

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11
Q

How do monocytes develop?

A

Heamatopoietic stem cells differentiate into common monocyte precursors

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12
Q

What are examples of resident macrophages?

A

Langerhans cells - skin

Kupffer cells - liver

Microglia - brain

Red pulp - spleen

Alveolar - lung

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13
Q

How do macrophages develop?

A

Don’t develop in the blood

During the prenatal period CX3CR1+ precursors invade the tissues and lay down precursors

You are born with your macrophages in place

Slowly dividing cells

Have no input from the blood

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14
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Major mechanism for the uptake and destruction of microbes and apoptotic cells which are > 0.5 microm

Otherwise endocytosis/ pinocytosis is used

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15
Q

What are the 3 steps of phagocytosis?

A

Recognition - receptor mediated, object is to be taken up -> comes into contact with a surface receptor protein on the phagocyte

Uptake, signalling and actin-driven cytoskeletal remodelling - object is internalized and signals prepare cell for next step

Processing - killing, presentation or non-inflammatory removal (apoptotic cells)

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16
Q

What are ways in which phagocytes kill the target cell?

A

ROS/ RNS

Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes

Antimicrobial peptides

Nutrient deprivation

17
Q

What are ways in which bacteria have evolved to evade immune strategies?

A

Mycobacteria - inhibit host enzyme for the maturation of phagolysosome

Listeria - uses mechanisms to escape initial membrane-bound vesicle. Gains access to thhe free cytoplasm

18
Q

What happens when there is excessive activation of the mononuclear phagocyte systems?

A

Leads to disease

Atherosclerosis - foam cells

Multiple sclerosis

Rheumatoid arthritis