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Test ! > N&W last b4 final > Flashcards

N&W last b4 final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity in USA

A

2/3 overweight

1/3 obese

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2
Q

how successfull are dieters

A

within 5 years of a weight loss program 95% regained all the lost weight

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3
Q

what diseases and abnormalities are closest associated with obesity

A

heart disease,hypertension,diabetes, kidney and gallbladder disease, arthritis, gout and many cancers

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4
Q

how does obesity affect children

A

causes pschosocial dysfunctioning, elevated blood lipids, hbp and impaired glucose tolerance

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5
Q

FActors associated with obesity

A

sedentary lifestyle, overconsumtion of food

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6
Q

How does a low fat fiber rich diet protect against obesity

A

fats have twice the amount of calories than carbs

fewer calories are consumed with high fiber diets

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7
Q

how does the caloric intake change a meal with added fat and sugar

A

it doubles

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8
Q

how have portion sizes changed over the past two decades

A

increased dramatically by at least 50-135 kcals

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9
Q

how important is excersize for weight management

A

keeps bmr up and burns off calories

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10
Q

How do the danish study and the pima indian study show the importance of genetics and lifestyle

A

danish study - genetics is important bmi correlated to biological parents not adoptive family environment not that important

pima indian study - half became white like and ate like bad and became obese half didnt and ate traditionally and dont have fatness problems

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11
Q

how are hormones like leptin and ghrelin involved in weight management

A

leptin(satiety hormones) is highest in obese individuals, they are leptin resistant
ghrelin -(appetite)

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12
Q

How do the Atkins diet, the south beach diet and other low carb diets compare to low fat doets in weight loss programs

A

fast weight loss, low sustainabilty

promote ketosis goes against conventional health wisdom

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13
Q

what is the mechanism by which low carb diets work

A

ketosis which causes drowsiness and headaches’

high fat and protien lenthens satiety

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14
Q

What are dangers of very low cal diets

A

loss of body protien snd potassium leads to heart failure, fatigue, light headedness, diarrhea

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15
Q

how effective are diet aids for weight loss such as fen-phen and ppa

A

starch blockers have proven to be ineffective
ppa causes stroke
fen-phen causes heart valve damage

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16
Q

Name some fat replaces commonly used today

A

modified starches, oatfiber, gums polydextrose can be used safe in moderation

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17
Q

of waht nutritional/ health value are fat replacers

A

better lipid levels, weight loss,blood clotting factors, oat fiber reduces systolic pressure

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18
Q

What good principles exist in dr phils keys to weight loss freeedom

A

high fiber and healthy fats, portion control, vigorous excersize 3 times a week

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19
Q

why is weight watcheres an effective program while slim fast plan isnt

A

focuses of lifestyle and is free of gimmicks

easy, individualized plan

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20
Q

Name some keys to success from people who have lost weight and kept it off as described by ann fletcher in thin for life

A

believe that you can become thin for life, take control with your life, dont look to others to help you , move it or lose it do go for it alone

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21
Q

Give some sensible, simple and practical ways to lose weight

A

set realistic goals, excersize is essential, dont eliminate fat,dont turn to food, do go it alone

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22
Q

what is the nest diet

A

low fat high fiber foods

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23
Q

what is the value of a support group for losing weight

A

accountability is essential

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24
Q

what is the national weight control registry for

A

people who have lost alot of weight and kept it off and the average weight loss is 66 lbs

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25
Q

what sort of diet do NWCR members follow

A

they eat breakfast weigh weekly and excersize daily

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26
Q

why is iron deficiency a world wide problem

A

iron deficency caused by malaria, hookworm infestation, HIV/AIDS, bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations

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27
Q

Why are women more likely to have iron deficiency

A

women store less than .5 grams of iron and puberty menustration causes more losses

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28
Q

main functions of iron in the body

A

oxygen carrying capacity in rbc and myoglobin

cellular energy

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29
Q

how do iron losses occur

A

intestinal tract, sweating , menstral flow

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30
Q

what stages of the life cycle are most vulnerable iron deficency

A

women of child-bearing age, adolescents, bottle fed infanra and children less than 3 years old

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31
Q

how does does the measurement of serum ferritin tell us about the iron stores in a person

A

it is the equillibrium with the body’s stores
1ug/l is 10 mg of iron
iron depletion is <120 mg

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32
Q

What is observed in third stage iron deficiency?

A

iron deficiency erythropoesis

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33
Q

what are the major causes of iron deficiency

A

poor absorption of iron through diet
blood loss
rapid growth
premature birth

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34
Q

what are the clinical signs of iron deficiency

A

pale color of mucus membranes, tongue and fingernails, fatigue, listlessness, shortness of breath,diffuculty concetration

35
Q

what are the consequences of iron deficiency

A 
decreased capacity for work and decreased athletic performance
impaired ability to produce body heat
imparired intellectual performance
greater risk of premature delivery
impaired immune function
increased risk of lead poisoning
36
Q

Describe the absorption pattern of the different forms of iron in plant and animal food

A

heme 15-35

non heme- 5-10

37
Q

name the major facilitatorsr and inhibitors of non heme iron

A

75 mg of vit c,meat,citric,malic,tartic acids increases non heme iron
phytates,polyphenolics,coffee,tannis in tea inhibit

38
Q

What are good plant sources of iron

A

legumes, grains and pasta, oatmeal, soybeans , limabeans

39
Q

Are vegetarians at a greater risk of anemia

Vegans?

A

yes and no they have lower levels of vit b12, reduced iron stores lower serum ferritin levels hemoglobin and serum iron levels are similar to onmivores
same for vegans who follow heathy diets

40
Q

how can we best prevent iron deficiency

A

fortificationm, higher vit c intake, use of birth control, breastfeeding,

41
Q

Can you get too much iron

A

yes high iron intake associated with higher risk of heart disease

42
Q

How much water so we need everyday

A

depends on body size, ambient temp, physical activity and and water content of food

  1. 85 q women
  2. 9 for men
43
Q

why is the lack of water a problem for mental and physical performance and general health

A

affects alertness, ability to concentrate, coordination and short term memory

44
Q

what substances contaminate ground water

A

industrial wastes,agricultural run-off, chlorine, nitratres underground water has become

45
Q

how does water impact heart health

A

water intake of 5 or more glases compared to two glassses greatly reduced the risk of fatal heart attack

46
Q

what problems may exist chlorination of community water?

A

increased risk of bladder,colon,rectum cancer

may increase blood cholesterol

47
Q

how do we get exposure to lead in food and water

A

lead service pipes, brass faucets and copper pipres, leaving food in opened cans, chilli candies from mexico

48
Q

what are the concerns regarding lead ingestion

A

affects growth

raises bp, causes strokem heart attack in adults

49
Q

how can we cut the level of lead we ingest

A

run the tap for 2 min if not been used in 6 hrs
dont drink warm or hot water out the the tap
avoid softened water
install a special filter

50
Q

what 2 concerns result from high nitrates in water

A

blue baby syndrome

colon cancer

51
Q

what problems result form ingesting water contaminated with protozoans

A

gi complaints, naseau , diarrhea, and flu like symptoms

52
Q

is bottled water safer than tap water

A

yes mostly nor highly regulated to may not be

53
Q

What different kinds of bottled water do we have

A

natural water- not modified
sparkling water - added carbon dioxide
spring water - natural water from spring
purified water - demineralized water
club soda- carbonated witrh mineral and salts
mineral water - added minerals to improve

54
Q

what 3 facts are often missing on the label of bottled water

A

source of water
purificated methods
chemical pollutants is bottle

55
Q

do enhanced water have any advantage for the consumer

A

no they contain handful of vitamins and sugar but no advantage except hydration

56
Q

what can the consumer do to improve their water supply

A

buy filter, water distiller and reverese osmosis filter

57
Q

why are there antibiotic residues in milk

A

cows are given antibiotics and residues are in the milk
allergic reactions
some may cause cancer
bacteria becomes drug resistant

58
Q

why have we seen a rapid increase in gastro intestinal illnesses causes by eating fresh produce over the past decade

A

imports from the third world

59
Q

how common are food bourne illness in the us

A

90 mill cases of illness occur in the US

60
Q

Who are most vulnerable to the effects of food bourne illnesses

A

people with compromised immune systems like the elderly or immature
kids, preggos, cancer patients, hiv ppl

61
Q

outbreaks of food bourne illnessess cause fatalities

A 
e coli
salmonella
camplyobacter
colstridium perfringes
retrovirus
listeria
monocycogens
toxoplasma gonoli
500 deaths annually
62
Q

what changes in the eating habits of americans

A

beef consumption canged to fish and poultry
chicken demand increase
demand less processed more convenience foods

63
Q

How effective is the screening and inspecting of precessed chickens nowadays

A

the industry monitors itself which is bad

over one half of all poultry is contaminated with salmonella

64
Q

why is listeria monocytogenes considered a virulent and dangerous microoganism

A

causes meningitits, miscarriges, perinatal septicemia,

65
Q

give examples of major outbreaks of listerosis

A

1985 jalisico brand mexican style cheese

bil mar foods 35 million products

66
Q

what caused the recents outbreak of bovine (BSE) or mad cow disease

A

feeding brains and spinal cords of sheep to cattle

67
Q

Why are prions so dangerous

A

self replicating protein, kill nerve cells , nearly impossible to destroy

68
Q

What is cjd

A

creutzfeld jakob disease- human equivalent of mad cow disease

69
Q

describe various problems that may arise with seafood

A

mercury
ciguatera poisoning
paralytic

70
Q

Why is e coli infection feared so much

A

10 bacteria can produce a illness

acid tolerant causes stroke, seizure and kidney damage

71
Q

Why is salmonella enteriditis a real concern

A

caused many deaths, drug resistant, they should be cooked more than 5 mins boiling for 5 poach for 7

72
Q

why do we have food recalla these days

A

problems with food handling, insufficient inspections

imported food

73
Q

how safe are pesticides for the consumer

A

pesticides account for 72% of poisonings and 63% of fatalites

74
Q

name 3 main long term effects of pesticides on the health of farm workers

A

cancer
neurotoxic effects
reproductive disorders

75
Q

what ways can we reduce our exposure to pesticides

A

eat variety of foods
wash
peel fruit
buy organic

76
Q

what qualifies as organic and gets usda seal

A 
grown w/o synthetic fertilizerm pestices or sewage sludge
not irradiated
not gmo
no antibiotics or growth hormones
phytochemicals
77
Q

what are the pros and cons of using organic foods

A

avoid chemicals
more phytochemicals

cons
expensive

78
Q

are food additives safe and necessary

A

yea they prevent food from spoiling. seperation, flavor enhancers, anti caking

79
Q

Are there concers with GM foods

A

yes can increase resistance to antibiotic, produce allergic reactions
animals fed gmos revealed stunted growth, impaired immune systems, liver and kidney diseases, increased death rated

80
Q

How safe is microwaving

A

can leech heat suscpetos into food toluene, benzene, xylene

81
Q

what concerns have been expressed about aluminum exposure

A

causes senile dementia
parkinsonism dementia
dialylsis demnitia

82
Q

what are the major sources of aluminum in our diet

A

cake mixes, frozen doughs, processed cheeses, pickles

83
Q

how safe is food in general

A

not safe eat nothing ever!

dont eat meat, wash veggies, eat organic,dont eat contaminated foods

Test ! (14 decks)

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