N&W 2

Question 1

Why have fish increased in popularity in American cuisine

Answer 1

health professionals push to because of omega 3 fatty acids lower cardio vascular risk

Question 2

What is an omega-3 fatty acid

Answer 2

ala dha dpa fatty acid with 3 double bonds

Question 3

Why are the present supplies of fish considered unsustainable

Answer 3

pollution, overfishing, climate change

Question 4

How does blood cholesterol change in types of dietary fat?

Answer 4

sat fat is more potent in elevating blood cholesterol than dietary cholesterol
sat fat will double the effect of polyunsat

Question 5

Cardiovascular disease results from a number of factors

Answer 5

including inflammatory processess, plaque deposits in blood vessels, blood clot formation, endotheilial dysfuntion, arterial noncompliance

Question 6

How does stearic acid behave differently than other saturated fatty acids

Answer 6

it doesn’t have cholesterol

Question 7

What are the factors that raise blood cholesterol levels

Answer 7

saturated fat
obesity
trans fatty acids
cholesterol
boiled coffee

Question 8

what are the main sources of saturated fat in the american diet

Answer 8

butter and vegetable oil

Question 9

how is fish oil different from other animal fats

Answer 9

omega 3 lowers risk from heart disease but doesn’t lower cholesterol

Question 10

How are tropical oils different in nature from other plant fats

Answer 10

plant fats are poly and tropical fats are mono like animal fat

Question 11

What are the ideal fat and fatty acid intakes

Answer 11

sat fat - 5-7%
Mono fat - 9-8%
polyunsat - 6-7%
Trans fat- 0%
total fat - 20-25%

Question 12

Where do trans fatty acids originate from
where can we find them
why are they bad

Answer 12

they come from hydrogenated oils french fries, doughnuts, pastries,
they raise ldl and lower hdl

Question 13

Which is more heart healthy margarine or butter?

Answer 13

margarine is better

Question 14

What componenets of coffee are responsible for elevating cholesterol?

Answer 14

cafestol & kahweol

Question 15

Why is cholesterol in food different from cholesterol that our body makes

Answer 15

cholesterol oxidation products, macrophage derived from cells in some shit

Question 16

What factors consistently lower blood cholesterol

Answer 16

polyunsaturated fat
monounsaturated fat
vegetarian diet
soy protien
nuts
garlic
legumes
dietary fiber
cartonoids
flavenoids 
tocotrienols
plant sterols
nuts + barley
excersize

Question 17

What effects does olive oil have blood lipids

Answer 17

lowers total cholesterol
maintains hdl
lower trigylcerides

Question 18

WHat componets in evoo are responsible for its unique properties

Answer 18

tycosol
hydrocytycosorol
algyceride
beta-saturated,cycloarteol, vitamin e

Question 19

How do nuts protect against chd

Answer 19

all show a decline in risk of chd

Question 20

which nuts lower ldl cholesterol

Answer 20

walnuts 
almonds
peanuts
pisachios
pecans
hazelnuts
macademias

Question 21

how do plant and aminal souces of omega 3

Answer 21

plant souces - ala

animal souces - epa , dha

Question 22

what is ala

Answer 22

alpha - linolenic acid (soy, flaxseed, walnutsm green veg, chia seeds )

Question 23

What is epa

Answer 23

Eicosapentaenoic acid - (fatty fish, seafood,seaweed)

Question 24

What is Dha

Answer 24

Docosahexaenic acid (fatty fish,egg, soy milk , algal, supplements, snack bars )

Question 25

Good plant sources omega -3

Answer 25

``` seaweed microalgae dha supplements flax seed oil walnuts broccoli ```

Question 26

why do the greenland eskimos have lower rates of heart disease

Answer 26

they eat a large amount of omega 3 in seal meat and whale meat

Question 27

does fish consumption protect westerners against heart disease

Answer 27

basically not really western electric study 38% lower risk for 1.0z a day nurses health study - 29% reduction for fish once/week

Question 28

What benefits result from incorporating omega-3 into your diet

Answer 28

lowers risk of blood clots and arrythmia improves muscular endothialal function reduces blood triglycerides anti-inflammatory dha needed for normal brain development and infant vision no effect on total ldl unless triglycerides are high

Question 29

How are the prostaglandins in PGI3 and Pgi 2

Answer 29

Anti aggratory - linolenic acid -aradonic acid ->PGi2 (inhibit platelet aggregation) linolenic acid - epa - -epa-pgi - tx3(platelets) forces that prvent clotting are stronger than those that cause clotting

Question 30

Why is strength of thromboxane txa3 so important

Answer 30

it helps when in a fight flight situation

Question 31

How much omega -3 is required daily

Answer 31

1-1.5g daily

Question 32

What are the specific needs for dha in humans

Answer 32

brain development + function | production of resolvins

Question 33

how effectively is ala converted to dha

Answer 33

men - .04 | women- 9

Question 34

Why is the level of omega - 6 in the diet important

Answer 34

omega - 6 can disrupt the metabolism of omega -3 . tha ratio should be w-6 - 4 or 5 to w-3 - 1

Question 35

How are vegetarians at possible risk of omega-3 deficiecy

Answer 35

no evidence of adverse effects of dha defciency in vegetarians

Question 36

What health issues surrond fish consumption

Answer 36

exposure to sewage + nowalks virus (gastroenteritis) poisonous substances( puffer fish) sodium content heavy metal content

Question 37

are fish oils safe and effective

Answer 37

yes more than half reposrted have no adverse effects. the efffects that were bad were minor diarrhea n shit

Question 38

Name some health issues concerning the use of shell fish

Answer 38

exposure to sewage cholesterol poisonous

Question 39

what is high bp

Answer 39

>140/90 mm hg (<120/80) normal

Question 40

How prevalent is it int he use

Answer 40

1 in 4 150,000 die annually

Question 41

how is hypertension affected by age and ethnicity

Answer 41

bp increases with age for by genetics

Question 42

what is the most significant reading sbp or dbp

Answer 42

sbp > 140 hg for persons > 50 yrs

Question 43

beginning at what bp reading does cvd risk double for every increment of 20/10

Answer 43

115/15

Question 44

what risks are associated with high bp

Answer 44

stroke, heart disease, end stage renal failure

Question 45

for a 5 mmhg reduction in sbp how does risk of stroke and risk of hd mortality change

Answer 45

14% reduction in stroke mortality 9% reduction in heart disease mortality 7% // mortality

Question 46

What are the major risks for high bp

Answer 46

ones we cant change - age, ethnicity, genetics | can change - obesity, alchocol, salt intake, insuffiecient fruits and veg, inactivity and stress

Question 47

How imporant is bmi

Answer 47

rish of obese aged 20-45 developing hbp is 5 times that of a skinny bitch

Question 48

where is fat deposition most unsafe

Answer 48

visceral fat

Question 49

how much sodiumm or sal is reccomended a day

Answer 49

<2300 mg

Question 50

where does most salt come from in a western diet

Answer 50

packaged, canned processed foods

Question 51

in what situations are the effects is salt on bp seen to be the most pronounced

Answer 51

most pronounced in salt sensitive people

Question 52

What is the role of potasium

Answer 52

increasing potasium intake significantly will decresase the risk of stroke it negates the effect of sodium of bp

Question 53

where do you find potassium in the diet

Answer 53

fruits n veggies, lots if potasium and little sodium

Question 54

3 groups most sensitive to salt

Answer 54

elderly, black people, those who already have high bp

Question 55

WHy are procesed food likey to advesly affect bp

Answer 55

more salt duhhhh | and take balance away from potassium last ratio

Question 56

how do bo vakues in vegetarans and their prvelance of hypertension compare with that of nonvegetarians

Answer 56

the effects are most noticeable in systolic bp 2 - 40% in vegetarian 8-60% NON VEG

Question 57

how are high plant eaters in cardia different

Answer 57

intake of grians friuts and veggies and nuts inverslt related to higher bp those in the fifth quintile compared to 1st quintile

Question 58

why do vegetarians have lower bp

Answer 58

fiber rich foods have fewer calories and they tend to be lighter diets high in potassium, magnesium , antioxidants, polyphenolics and fruits and vegetables

Question 59

Why do vegans have an even lower bp

Answer 59

they eat more fruits and veg and have less cholesterol from dairy

Question 60

what effect does calcium have on bp

Answer 60

no effect of calcium supplement on bp in nonmonsive subject sbp drops 2-4mm hg not dbp when 1g ca a day supplement taken by hypertensive subject

Question 61

what is the threshold for calciums effect of bp

Answer 61

500mg/day

Question 62

what effect if any foes magnesium have on bp

Answer 62

low mg status is associated w/elevated bp | invesre relationship between bp and mg

Question 63

what was the dietary components of the dash study

Answer 63

low fat diet 10 ser/day of fruit and veg 2-3 sug/d of low fat dairy

Question 64

in dash hoe did hypertensives respond compared to normotensives

Answer 64

hypertensives - sbp dropped 11.3 and dbp - dropped 5.5 normotensives dropped 3.5 and dbp dropped 2.1 all subject spb dropped 5.5 and dbp 3

Question 65

What cardioprotetive effects are provided by the components of dark chocolate

Answer 65

lowers bp increase dilation of blood vessels inporve blood flow lower ldl

Question 66

what components of chocolate provide these properties

Answer 66

cocoa has phytoserols, anthocyanidins, epicatichins,and stuff that stimulate anti inflammatory action

Question 67

what chocolate is the most effective and which is the least

Answer 67

dark is the most yeaeh | and milk is the least

Question 68

why is moderation the best policy for using chocolate products

Answer 68

chocolate is not a health food it has substantial amount of sugar and fat so its energy dense