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Test ! > Comm Nut 2 > Flashcards

Comm Nut 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Policy

A

course of action chosen by public authoriteis to adress a given problem

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2
Q

process of policy making

A

1 problem definition and agenda setting

  1. formulation of alternatives
  2. policy adoption
  3. policy implemention
  4. policy evaluation
  5. policy termination
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3
Q

who makes polices

A

an organizations or committee’s executives, administratios
elected officials
employees of municipal,state or federal agencies
members of congress and state legislators
street level bureaucrats

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4
Q

the steps of how an idea becomes a law

A

concerned thing brings issure to the attention of a legislative representative at the local, state, or national level
a bill is written and submitted to the clerk where it is numbered and printed. it must be sponsired by at least one legislative member
bill referred to committee and subcommittee the greatest challenge is getting out with a favorable vote
if the bill passes it goes to the other body of legislature or congress for the same actions
finished versions of th ebill will probably differ between bodies so a conference committee will meet to resolve differences
modified bill that is agreed upon is sent to the president for action

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5
Q

The difference between a bill going to the senate vs. the house

A

action by full chamber goes to conference committee to final floor action to presidential action
in the house it goes from rules committee to full chamber first

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6
Q

When are times for opportunities for input into the legislative process?

A

idk

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7
Q

What is the vote needed to override the president?

A

2/3 vote

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8
Q

Budget terms

A

mandatory spending - entitlements
discretionary spending - choices made in defense
budget authorization - establishes programs
budget appropriation - provides money for programs

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9
Q

Emerging issues

A

state licensure laws
bioterrorism and food safety
biotechnology

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10
Q

Our influence on policies

A

make opinion known
become directly involved
join interest group

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11
Q

Pyramid of people

A 
power players
party people
willing workers
banner acrriers/critics
fence sitters
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12
Q

What is a national nutrition policy?

A

nationwide guidelines which specify meeting nutritional needs of people

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13
Q

What does it address?

A

addressess - hunger, malnutrition, food safety, food labeling, food fortification, sustainable agricultural pracitces , nutrition research

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14
Q

Does the US have one?

A

no - no single federal agency has mandate to handle national nutrition policy as sole function
yes - responsibility is divided amoung congressional committees, federal agencies, and major departments

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15
Q

Element of a nutrition policy

A 
food assistance programs
national nutrition and health objectives
regulations to safeguard food supply and ensure safe handling food
dietary guidance systems
monitoring and surveillance programs
food labeling legislstionq
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16
Q

NNMRRP

A

national nutrition monitoring and related research program
established by congress in 1990
implementation and coordination of activites by usda and dhhs
monitoring data are used to assess the dietary, nutritional related health status of the population
more than 50 surveillance systems are operative

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17
Q

NHANES

A

nutritional status and nutrition relsted health measurements
representative sample of civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 2 months and older
dietary intake
body composition
biochemical analyses of blood urine

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18
Q

What we eat in America Survey

A

dietary interview component of nhanes
individual in households, one sample with all levels of income another of low income households
one day and 3 day food intakes of individuals
terms of eating occasions
sources of food eaten away from home

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19
Q

Total diet study

A

eight age groups infant through elderly

assesses for nutrients and contaminants in foods

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20
Q

BRFSS

A 
behavioral risk factor surveillance system - telephone survey of adults 18 y.o
demographic information
height, weight
smoking, alcohol use
weight control practices
diabetes
preventable health problems
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21
Q

National Nutrient Data Bank

A

updated on a regular basis
nutrient content of foods
published tables of food composition
computerized databases

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22
Q

DRIs (RDA, AI, UL, & EAR)

A

dri - developed to be used in planning and assessing the diets of individuals and groups

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23
Q

Dietary guidelines

A

dietary guidelines for americans
developed to promote health and reduce chronic disease risks
national cancer institute
national heart,lung and blood institute

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24
Q

Nongovernment vs. government recommendations/guidelines

A

national cancer institiute, national ling, heart and blood institute
nongovernmental dietary - american heart association
american cancer society

25
Q

Implementation of recommendations

A

translate recommendations into food-specific guides consumers
program directors can use policy told for implementing programs
policy making continues to chage - need to address food insecurity, malnutrition, hunger

26
Q

Reasons for obesity epidemic

A

increased calorie intake due to food technology and transportation
increased portion sizes
increased meals away from home

27
Q

Trend over the past 20 years

A

more fatness

28
Q

Defining overweight vs. obesity

A

fat and more fat

29
Q

Classification by BMI

A

40

30
Q

Waist circumference measurements

A

35 women

31
Q

Central obesity

A

more associated with health problems

32
Q

Classification of children for overweight and obesity

A

for kids - above 95% obesity , above 85%

33
Q

Where information is collected from

A

national surveys

34
Q

Medical and social costs (problems that cause these costs)

A

medical expenditure attributable to obesity continue to increase

social costs - worse quality of life, prejudice,discrimination, lower self esteem and depression in children

35
Q

Determinants of obesity

A 
predisposition
depression 
high fat and carb diet
physical activity
dietary intake
portion
36
Q

Prevention vs. treatment

A

prevention - goal to maintain stable weight and not increase

treatment -goal to lose weight over time

37
Q

Interventions for all populations

A

public health interventions - focus on lifestyle approaches

38
Q

Surveillance and Monitoring efforts

A

healthy people 2012
american academy of pediatrics and institute of medicine
nhanes, brfss,ybrfss,

39
Q

Agencies involved in education & awareness building

A

federal trade commission

department of transportation

40
Q

How we can regulate environmental factors

A

the food enviroment - mandatory food labeling at restaraounts - restrictions on food advertising to young children
preschool - regulation of food choices
school environment - restricting sale of competitive foods

41
Q

Obesogenic

A

u kno wtf that means

42
Q

What can we do and how do we go about doing it?

A

need paradigm shift that recognizes toxic environments
build understnading of problem
put into effect policies and practices that target individuals

develop and promote community awareness capmaigns
organixe community coalition

43
Q

Recommendations for preventing childhood obesity

A 
national priority
industry
nutrition labeling
advertising and marketing
multi media and public relations campaign
community programs
built environment
health care
school
44
Q

Private insurance plans

A

Indemnity/Fee-for-service plans – charges for
each service rendered
• Accounts for only a small percentage of
insurance coverage today
• Critics – encourages physicians to provide
unnecessary services
• Proponents – greater flexibility and unrestricted
access
Group contract insurance – managed care
system (HMOs, PPOs, POSs)
• Accounts for around 99% of coverage for
employees
• Groups of physicians share facilities and medical
records
• Fixed cost to the consumer, usually with monthly
premiums and co-payments for medical visits
• May or may not provide reimbursement for
dietitian’s counseling
• Emphasize health promotion

45
Q

Government/public insurance plans

A

Government/Public Insurance
• Medicare – federally run program for persons
over age 65, or with renal disease
• inpatient care (Part A)
• Individual pays portion of the hospital bill
• Long-term care –100 days covered annually
• Prescription drugs partially covered
• Outpatient care is covered by optional
insurance program (Part B)
• Individual pays portion of the bill
Medicaid – joint state and federal program
for low-income persons, the aged, blind, and
disabled, dependent children of one-parent
families
• Children’s Health Insurance Plan – for
children in families with income above
poverty level but too low to afford private
health insurance

46
Q

Other types of health plans

A 
Workers’ compensation
• Department of Veterans’ Affairs (VA)
• Public Health Service (including Indian Health 
Service), public health programs
• Department of Defense
• Public hospitals
47
Q

The uninsured

A

Uninsured
• Working poor and self-employed, early
retirees, unemployed

48
Q

Contributions to health care costs

A

An aging population has caused major shifts
in the need for services for the elderly
• Consumer awareness of health issues
• Increased dependence on pharmaceutical
products
• Increase in technology has led to increased
demand for more health services

49
Q

Efforts in cost containment

A

move away from traditional fee for service to newer models of managed care
companies attempting to manage healthcare of their employees
payers are setting reimbursement restrictions and limitations

50
Q

Health care reform

A

Cost containment
• Universal access
• Emphasis on prevention
• Reduction in administrative costs

51
Q

Cost effectiveness

A

Care delivered according to detailed
guidelines for care (protocols) has been
linked with positive outcomes for the patient
Protocols that produce positive outcomes
should include cost-effectiveness information
all practictioners should document the cost effectiveness of thier programs

52
Q

Things on the horizon

A

ummm

53
Q

Food security vs. food insecurity (categories & definitions of levels)

A

Food security – access by all people at all
times to enough food for an active, healthy life
Food insecurity – limited or uncertain
ability to acquire or consume an adequate
quality or sufficient quantity of food in
socially acceptable ways

54
Q

Who is most affected by food insecurity?

A 
The poor
The working poor
The young
Low-income women and men
Ethnic minorities
Older adults
Inner-city and rural dwellers
Certain southern and western states
Farmers 
The homeless
55
Q

Background of food assistance programs

A 
1930s Great Depression – government 
distribution of food commodities
Experimental Food Stamp program
1946 National School Lunch Act
WIC established for women and young children
Welfare Reform – Welfare to Work
56
Q

The need for food assistance programs

A

a

57
Q

Current food assistant programs (go back through the chart and all we highlighted in it).

A

Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations –
commodity foods and nutrition education
• The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP)
– commodity foods to distributing agencies
• food banks, pantries, & soup kitchens
• Nutrition Services Incentive Program – commodities
to distribution centers for elderly
Food Distribution Disaster Assistance – food to relief
agencies during emergencies
• National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs – assist
schools for meals
• After School Snack Program and Special Milk Program –
in schools
Summer Food Service Program for Children – meals
offered at sites to low-income children during summer
• Child and Adult Care Food Program – reimburses for
food served at care centers
• Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC) – vouchers for food,
nutrition education
Summer Food Service Program for Children – meals
offered at sites to low-income children during summer
• Child and Adult Care Food Program – reimburses for
food served at care centers
• Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC) – vouchers for food,
nutrition educatio

58
Q

Food resource safety net

A 
Food Banks – provide donated food to 
nonprofit and charitable groups
• Feeding America is largest supplier 
Prepared and perishable food programs –
commercial establishments donate uneaten 
prepared foods
Community food security – community 
gardens, food recovery, gleaning, farm to 
school initiatives
59
Q

What role do we play?

A 
 Volunteer
 Educate those who need assistance about where they can find it
 Support local community programs
 Research
 Follow legislation

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