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N&M 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What diseased are associated with a refined western diet

A

diverticular diseases, constipation, appendicitis,hemorrhoids,diabetes,heart disease, gallstones, obesity and colon cancer

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2
Q

How much fiber do americans typically consume and how much should they consume

A

average - 10-20 g a day
optimal - 25-40 g a day
kids - 5g + age

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3
Q

what constitutues dietary fiber

A

non-digestible carbs + lignins isolated fiber, pectin, polydextrose

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4
Q

how does soluble fiber differ in its action in action of thst to insoluable fiber

A

insoluble fiber stimulates peristalsis & helps bowel regularity
soluable fiber has gelling properties slows down glucose absorbtion increases cholesterol excretion and lowers cholesterol

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5
Q

what physiological actions does fiber excret in the gastro intestinal tract

A

gel formation - slows gastric emptying and sloe intestinal absorbtion
adsorbtion of minerals
antioxidant - reduces colon cancer risk***

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6
Q

How does fiber protect against colon cancer

A

Binds bile acids
speeds up transit time
dilutes carcinogens and increases bulk of stool
alters colonic flora -more aerobic flora
hastens fecal trasit so thieres reduced surface contact time with intestinal wall

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7
Q

what is the role of lignin in the colon

A

antioxidant

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8
Q

What role does fiber have in weight management

A

high fiber meals have lower calorie density

gel forming fibers delay stomach acid and increases satiety

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9
Q

what effect was seen in the dutch study when additional fiber was added to the diet

A

for each 10g of fiber eated there was a
17% drop of CHD mortality
9% drop in mortality

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10
Q

How does fiber provide a hypolipidemic action

A

reduced fat/cholesterol absorbtion
lower cholsterol synthesis
lower insulin levels
binding of bile acids and higher fecal excretion of steroids
propionic acid inhibits cholesterol synthesis

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11
Q

what effect does fiber have on blood pressure and blood sugar levels

A

people with higher bp can lower it by eating 2-6% more fiber for 30 days it also lowers blood sugar because less food and sugars

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12
Q

What healthful properties are provided by FOS

A

promote growth of healthy bactera like bifidobacteria and lactobaciluss bacteria in colon and peristalsis is stimulated lower risk of intestinal infections

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13
Q

Does fiber cause vitamin or mineral deficiency

A

short term consumption will but long term wont because compensatory actions happen not good for kids though

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14
Q

Are high fiber diets safe for small children

A

no because they are low in calories and they need lots

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15
Q

it is better to consume fiber rich foods or foods fortified with isolated fiber supplements

A

fiber rich foods are better

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16
Q

Why are soybeans unique among the legumes

A

they are loaded with isoflavones, genestein and diazein and have high quality protien

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17
Q

What effect does soy protein and soy milk have on blood lipids and arterial compliance. Is this true for adults or children

A

1-2 oz of soy protein decreases cholesterol and triglycerides 10% for people with elevated blood levels
5% reduction in LDL
hypercholestrolemic children had 22-25% in LDL
16-18% drop in total cholestrol

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18
Q

Does a solid or liquid matrix make a difference

A

yes liquid is much more affective

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19
Q

What do we know about cardiovascular effects of genistein

A

lowers LDL and total cholestrol
protects LDL from oxidation
prevents platelet clumping/thrombosis
improves vasodilation and blood flow in arteires
inhibits proliferation on artery wall
promotes artery lumen enlargement after artery injury
prevents clots

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20
Q

How does the use of soy impact upon ones risk of cancer

A

studies on asains show regular soy consumption have 30-80% (half)reduced risk of breast, colon, rectum,stomach,prostate, and lung compared to people who have low soy consumtion
54% reduction in endometrail cancer in hawaiian women

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21
Q

does ones risk of breast cancer depend on the age of exposure to soy?

A

yes during childhood/adolescence 25-50% reduction

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22
Q

What is the consequence of soy isoflavones acting not like phytoestrogens

A

they have estrogen like effects in coronary vessels and bone tissue but an anti estrogen effect on breast tissue

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23
Q

What other chemicals exist in soy other than the isoflavones

A

phytosterols and phytates saponins

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24
Q

does soy have any value for hrt

A

less frequent and fewer hot flashes in asian women who ate 60g/day

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25
What effect does soy isoflavones have upon bone mineral density
spinal bone mineral density is significantly higher
26
what levels of soy isoflavones are needed to protect against BMD loss
54 mg of geinstien helped bmn | 90mg of isoflavones helped menopausal women
27
what micro nutrients are important for a rice or soy milk to contail
30% calcium 30 % vit d 50% vitamin b12
28
what are some of the problems being expressed about soy today
``` risk of allergies doesn't protect cvd thyroid functions male fertility enhanced risk of breast cancer soy for infants/children suitability effects of cognition in elders ```
29
does soy impact thyroid function
not in normal people | in hypothyroid patientsdont need to avoid soy just intake of iodine
30
is soy a risk to breast cancer survivors
nope no adverse affects in breast cancer survival
31
are soy formulas safe and effective for infants
yes, no endocrine effects or growth defects or changes in timing of puberty
32
How common is cancer in the USA
2nd leading cause of death | 580,000 deaths in 2013
33
3 major cancers in men/women
men - prostate, lung, colon | women - lung, breast, colon
34
what are the 3 most common causes of death from cancer in men and women
men - lung, prostate, colon | women - lung, breast, colon
35
What lifestyle factors are major contributors to cancer occurrence
smoking, obesity, inadequate physical activity,
36
What dietary factors are suspected of causing cancer
alchohol use, low intake of fruits and veggies/whole grains/beans,processed foods, chard meats
37
What cancer risk is associated with alchohol
upper gi tract,liver, pancreas,breast, colon,
38
What is the source of aflatoxin what damage does it cost
causes liver cancer | source moldy corn and peanuts
39
What danger is there in the use of smoked and pickled foods
they cause stomach cancer because of the nitrates and nitrites
40
What are PAH and HCA, How are they formed,why are they undesirable
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from burning fat/ heterocyclic amines produced from burning meats (AA + sugar) they are carcinogenic cause stomach and colorectal
41
Where do nitrosamines originate from and how can their formation be blocked
they come from nitrites reacting with degradation products of AAs vit c and e inhibit nitrosamines
42
The use of which spices are questionable
sodium nitrite | nitrites and nitrosamines***
43
Which mushrooms provide some protection against cancer
white button, crimni portabella, lower breast and prostate | shitake mushroom stimulate immune system and are anti tumor
44
How effective are fruits and vegetables in protecting against cancer
45% reduction in breast cancer from veggies 4-5 servings a day 35% reduction in breast cancer from fruit (6 servings)
45
Where do you find sulforaphane and what action does it have
broccoli sprouts/ inhibit cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells regulates the cell cycle
46
Which foods are especially chemo-portectibve, containing some of 25,000 known phyto-chemicals
grapes,soybeans onions, berries, grains
47
What mechanisms explain how the phytochemicals work
Antioxidant activity inhibit cell proliferation induction of apoptosis enhance immune function (pictuire
48
Where to you find significant levels of carotenoids
yellow, orange and red fruits dark-green leafy veggies tomatoes guava watermelon 40% risk in cancer
49
What special properties are possessed by berries,grapes and pomegrantes
they contain alot of anthocyanins which are powerful antioxidants that protect against cancer
50
What data shows that whole grains are also protective
they are rich in fiber and phytochemicals in a review of forty case studies 95% of them showed whole grains to be protective 20-50% lower risk of cancer
51
What do herbs contain that give them activity against cancer
they contain terpenoids and other antioxidants
52
allium , lamaicae and apiacae what herbs
allium - garlic,chive,leek lamiaceae - mint,basil,sage Apiaceae - coriander, dill,cumin zingiberaceae - ginger,tumeric, cardomum
53
What role does synergy play in chemoprevention
some shits more helpful when eaten together tomoates and garlic (lycopene + s-allyleystein) are more effective at cancer fighting
54
What are the major risk factors associated with breast cancer
hormonal status, overweightness, weight gain in adulthood, alcohol, intake of dietary fiber
55
How is selenium protective against cancer
incorporated into enzyme that helps cell membranes from becoming damaged by free radicals (acts as antioxidant)
56
what dietary factors are associated with colorectal cancer
red meat, processed meats, alchohol, body fat,animal fat, sugary foods
57
dietary factors involved with prostate
high calcium, milk dairy, processed meats
58
dietary factors involed with pancratic,bladder and lymphatic cancers
red/smoked meat, coffee red meat
59
WCRF guidelines for cancer prevention
``` 1. be skinny excersize eat less energy dense eat more nutrient dense eat lots of plant foods limit red meat limit alchohol limit salt ```
60
Name clincal complications associated with diabetes
heart disease + stroke 2-4 times more likely end stage kidney disease amputations blindness
61
differentiate between type I and type II
type 1 is insulin dependant type 2 is maturity onset fasting blood glucose of 130
62
what is the major lifestyle factor causing diabetes
overweightness
63
why is fat location important
visceral fat is associated with insulin resistance
64
how important is ecxersize for diabetics
helps with weight management lowers blood lipids improves insulin sensitivity
65
what ethnic groups are especially affected
hispanic | native american
66
name 3 goals of mnt for persons with diabetes
normalization of blood glucose levels and lipid levels | maintain body weight
67
how have nutrient goals chaneged
they used to push low carb high fat now its complex carb low fat
68
recommendations for person with high tri
40% fat calories from monosaturated fat
69
reccomendations for person with high choleterol
sat fat no more than 7% | total cholesterol more than 200 mg a day
70
why do vegetarians/ vegans hav lower incidence of diabetes
no processed meat and are thinner diet rich in soluable fiber
71
what role does fiber have in mamangement of blood sugar
pectin helps with glucose control attenuated blood glucose reponse
72
good sources of soluable fiber
``` beans oats barley lentils apples ```

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