Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test ! > N&M 3 > Flashcards

N&M 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What diseased are associated with a refined western diet

A

diverticular diseases, constipation, appendicitis,hemorrhoids,diabetes,heart disease, gallstones, obesity and colon cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much fiber do americans typically consume and how much should they consume

A

average - 10-20 g a day
optimal - 25-40 g a day
kids - 5g + age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what constitutues dietary fiber

A

non-digestible carbs + lignins isolated fiber, pectin, polydextrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does soluble fiber differ in its action in action of thst to insoluable fiber

A

insoluble fiber stimulates peristalsis & helps bowel regularity
soluable fiber has gelling properties slows down glucose absorbtion increases cholesterol excretion and lowers cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what physiological actions does fiber excret in the gastro intestinal tract

A

gel formation - slows gastric emptying and sloe intestinal absorbtion
adsorbtion of minerals
antioxidant - reduces colon cancer risk***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does fiber protect against colon cancer

A

Binds bile acids
speeds up transit time
dilutes carcinogens and increases bulk of stool
alters colonic flora -more aerobic flora
hastens fecal trasit so thieres reduced surface contact time with intestinal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the role of lignin in the colon

A

antioxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What role does fiber have in weight management

A

high fiber meals have lower calorie density

gel forming fibers delay stomach acid and increases satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what effect was seen in the dutch study when additional fiber was added to the diet

A

for each 10g of fiber eated there was a
17% drop of CHD mortality
9% drop in mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does fiber provide a hypolipidemic action

A

reduced fat/cholesterol absorbtion
lower cholsterol synthesis
lower insulin levels
binding of bile acids and higher fecal excretion of steroids
propionic acid inhibits cholesterol synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what effect does fiber have on blood pressure and blood sugar levels

A

people with higher bp can lower it by eating 2-6% more fiber for 30 days it also lowers blood sugar because less food and sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What healthful properties are provided by FOS

A

promote growth of healthy bactera like bifidobacteria and lactobaciluss bacteria in colon and peristalsis is stimulated lower risk of intestinal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does fiber cause vitamin or mineral deficiency

A

short term consumption will but long term wont because compensatory actions happen not good for kids though

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are high fiber diets safe for small children

A

no because they are low in calories and they need lots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

it is better to consume fiber rich foods or foods fortified with isolated fiber supplements

A

fiber rich foods are better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are soybeans unique among the legumes

A

they are loaded with isoflavones, genestein and diazein and have high quality protien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effect does soy protein and soy milk have on blood lipids and arterial compliance. Is this true for adults or children

A

1-2 oz of soy protein decreases cholesterol and triglycerides 10% for people with elevated blood levels
5% reduction in LDL
hypercholestrolemic children had 22-25% in LDL
16-18% drop in total cholestrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does a solid or liquid matrix make a difference

A

yes liquid is much more affective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do we know about cardiovascular effects of genistein

A

lowers LDL and total cholestrol
protects LDL from oxidation
prevents platelet clumping/thrombosis
improves vasodilation and blood flow in arteires
inhibits proliferation on artery wall
promotes artery lumen enlargement after artery injury
prevents clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the use of soy impact upon ones risk of cancer

A

studies on asains show regular soy consumption have 30-80% (half)reduced risk of breast, colon, rectum,stomach,prostate, and lung compared to people who have low soy consumtion
54% reduction in endometrail cancer in hawaiian women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

does ones risk of breast cancer depend on the age of exposure to soy?

A

yes during childhood/adolescence 25-50% reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the consequence of soy isoflavones acting not like phytoestrogens

A

they have estrogen like effects in coronary vessels and bone tissue but an anti estrogen effect on breast tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What other chemicals exist in soy other than the isoflavones

A

phytosterols and phytates saponins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

does soy have any value for hrt

A

less frequent and fewer hot flashes in asian women who ate 60g/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What effect does soy isoflavones have upon bone mineral density

A

spinal bone mineral density is significantly higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what levels of soy isoflavones are needed to protect against BMD loss

A

54 mg of geinstien helped bmn

90mg of isoflavones helped menopausal women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what micro nutrients are important for a rice or soy milk to contail

A

30% calcium
30 % vit d
50% vitamin b12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are some of the problems being expressed about soy today

A 
risk of allergies
doesn't protect cvd
thyroid functions
male fertility
enhanced risk of breast cancer
soy for infants/children suitability
effects of cognition in elders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

does soy impact thyroid function

A

not in normal people

in hypothyroid patientsdont need to avoid soy just intake of iodine

30
Q

is soy a risk to breast cancer survivors

A

nope no adverse affects in breast cancer survival

31
Q

are soy formulas safe and effective for infants

A

yes, no endocrine effects or growth defects or changes in timing of puberty

32
Q

How common is cancer in the USA

A

2nd leading cause of death

580,000 deaths in 2013

33
Q

3 major cancers in men/women

A

men - prostate, lung, colon

women - lung, breast, colon

34
Q

what are the 3 most common causes of death from cancer in men and women

A

men - lung, prostate, colon

women - lung, breast, colon

35
Q

What lifestyle factors are major contributors to cancer occurrence

A

smoking, obesity, inadequate physical activity,

36
Q

What dietary factors are suspected of causing cancer

A

alchohol use, low intake of fruits and veggies/whole grains/beans,processed foods, chard meats

37
Q

What cancer risk is associated with alchohol

A

upper gi tract,liver, pancreas,breast, colon,

38
Q

What is the source of aflatoxin what damage does it cost

A

causes liver cancer

source moldy corn and peanuts

39
Q

What danger is there in the use of smoked and pickled foods

A

they cause stomach cancer because of the nitrates and nitrites

40
Q

What are PAH and HCA, How are they formed,why are they undesirable

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from burning fat/ heterocyclic amines produced from burning meats (AA + sugar)
they are carcinogenic cause stomach and colorectal

41
Q

Where do nitrosamines originate from and how can their formation be blocked

A

they come from nitrites reacting with degradation products of AAs
vit c and e inhibit nitrosamines

42
Q

The use of which spices are questionable

A

sodium nitrite

nitrites and nitrosamines***

43
Q

Which mushrooms provide some protection against cancer

A

white button, crimni portabella, lower breast and prostate

shitake mushroom stimulate immune system and are anti tumor

44
Q

How effective are fruits and vegetables in protecting against cancer

A

45% reduction in breast cancer from veggies 4-5 servings a day
35% reduction in breast cancer from fruit (6 servings)

45
Q

Where do you find sulforaphane and what action does it have

A

broccoli sprouts/ inhibit cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells
regulates the cell cycle

46
Q

Which foods are especially chemo-portectibve, containing some of 25,000 known phyto-chemicals

A

grapes,soybeans onions, berries, grains

47
Q

What mechanisms explain how the phytochemicals work

A

Antioxidant activity
inhibit cell proliferation
induction of apoptosis
enhance immune function (pictuire

48
Q

Where to you find significant levels of carotenoids

A

yellow, orange and red fruits
dark-green leafy veggies
tomatoes guava watermelon
40% risk in cancer

49
Q

What special properties are possessed by berries,grapes and pomegrantes

A

they contain alot of anthocyanins which are powerful antioxidants that protect against cancer

50
Q

What data shows that whole grains are also protective

A

they are rich in fiber and phytochemicals
in a review of forty case studies 95% of them showed whole grains to be protective
20-50% lower risk of cancer

51
Q

What do herbs contain that give them activity against cancer

A

they contain terpenoids and other antioxidants

52
Q

allium , lamaicae and apiacae what herbs

A

allium - garlic,chive,leek
lamiaceae - mint,basil,sage
Apiaceae - coriander, dill,cumin
zingiberaceae - ginger,tumeric, cardomum

53
Q

What role does synergy play in chemoprevention

A

some shits more helpful when eaten together tomoates and garlic (lycopene + s-allyleystein) are more effective at cancer fighting

54
Q

What are the major risk factors associated with breast cancer

A

hormonal status, overweightness, weight gain in adulthood, alcohol, intake of dietary fiber

55
Q

How is selenium protective against cancer

A

incorporated into enzyme that helps cell membranes from becoming damaged by free radicals (acts as antioxidant)

56
Q

what dietary factors are associated with colorectal cancer

A

red meat, processed meats, alchohol, body fat,animal fat, sugary foods

57
Q

dietary factors involved with prostate

A

high calcium, milk dairy, processed meats

58
Q

dietary factors involed with pancratic,bladder and lymphatic cancers

A

red/smoked meat,
coffee
red meat

59
Q

WCRF guidelines for cancer prevention

A 
1. be skinny
excersize
eat less energy dense eat more nutrient dense
eat lots of plant foods
limit red meat
limit alchohol
limit salt
60
Q

Name clincal complications associated with diabetes

A

heart disease + stroke 2-4 times more likely
end stage kidney disease
amputations
blindness

61
Q

differentiate between type I and type II

A

type 1 is insulin dependant
type 2 is maturity onset
fasting blood glucose of 130

62
Q

what is the major lifestyle factor causing diabetes

A

overweightness

63
Q

why is fat location important

A

visceral fat is associated with insulin resistance

64
Q

how important is ecxersize for diabetics

A

helps with weight management
lowers blood lipids
improves insulin sensitivity

65
Q

what ethnic groups are especially affected

A

hispanic

native american

66
Q

name 3 goals of mnt for persons with diabetes

A

normalization of blood glucose levels and lipid levels

maintain body weight

67
Q

how have nutrient goals chaneged

A

they used to push low carb high fat now its complex carb low fat

68
Q

recommendations for person with high tri

A

40% fat calories from monosaturated fat

69
Q

reccomendations for person with high choleterol

A

sat fat no more than 7%

total cholesterol more than 200 mg a day

70
Q

why do vegetarians/ vegans hav lower incidence of diabetes

A

no processed meat and are thinner diet rich in soluable fiber

71
Q

what role does fiber have in mamangement of blood sugar

A

pectin helps with glucose control attenuated blood glucose reponse

72
Q

good sources of soluable fiber

A 
beans
oats
barley
lentils
apples

Test ! (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions