Myocardial Perfusion Handout Flashcards
Cardiac muscle contains _______ but _______ t-tubules
fewer, larger
True/False: Cardiac muscle cannot regenerate
False: It can regenerate, but only 1% per year
True/False: Cariac muscle contains intercalated discs, but skeletal muscle does not.
True
Normal lab values: Whoopee!
- pH
- PCO2
- PO2
- HCO3
- %Sat
- 7.35-7.45
- 40 mmHg
- 97 mmHg
- 24 mEq/L
- 95-98%
What is the most commonly occluded coronary artery? What does it supply
LAD. It supplies the left ventricle
What artery is the most common one to supply the AV and SA nodes?
RCA
True/False: In angina, women tend to have left shoulder blade pain and men tend to have left arm pain.
True
What is Levine’s sign
pt clenches fist over sternum
What are the 2 things that relieve angina (if it is stable angina)?
rest and nitro
What is prinzmetal angina
angina that only occurs at rest because of vasospasm
What is the main important distinction between stable and unstable angina?
stable: happens at predictable rate pressure product (RPP)
unstable: doesn’t happen at a predictable RPP
What is the most frequent cause of MI?
atherosclerotic heart disease with thrombus formation.
The following symptoms occur most often in males or females?
- SOB
- weakness
- heartburn
- pain in arm
- L shoulder blade pain
- extreme fatigue
- men
- men
- women
- men
- women
- women
True/False: The preload is the amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction and the afterload is the amount of resistance in the system.
True
What will the central zone of infarct show on an ECG?
larger Q wave
What will the zone of injury show on the ECG?
elevated ST segment in leads over this area
What will the zone of ischemia show on an ECG?
as an inverted T wave
What are the 3 main causes of valvular heart disease?
- Congenital deformities
- infection
- disease
When valve leaflets don’t close completely, resulting in regurgitation of blood behind the valve, this is termed…
a. stenosis
b. insufficiency
c. prolapse
b. insufficiency
When there is a narrowing so that the valve will not fully open, causing the chamber behind the valve to push more forcefully, this is termed…
a. stenosis
b. insufficiency
c. prolapse
stenosis
When mitral valve leaflets bulge back into left atrium, this is called…
a. stenosis
b. insufficiency
c. prolapse
c. prolapse
True/False: Valve issues happen more on the left side than the right side of the heart.
True
What are 2 compensatory mechanisms for valvular heart diseases?
ventricular hypertrophy
peripheral changes such as vasodilation
True/False Dilated cardiomyopathy is an increase in heart size without an increase in chamber volume while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an increase in chamber volume without an increase in wall thickness.
False: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an increase in heart size without an increase in chamber volume while dilated cardiomyopathy is an increase in chamber volume without an increase in wall thickness.
What is the part of the heart damaged during restrictive cardiomyopathy and how is is damaged? What does it cause as a result?
The ventricles are damaged in that the compliance of the muscle is compromised and the walls become rigid. This causes backflow throughout the system.
What is acute myocarditis often caused by?
What condition will it often follow? What condition is often concurrent with it?
caused by Streptococcal infection.
Often follows upper respiratory infection, often concurrent with pericarditis
What is pericarditis? How are symptoms often relieved from it?
Acute inflammation of the pericardium. Symptoms can often be relieved with all fours position (unlike MI)
What serious condition can a pericardial effusion cause? What kind of heart sound can it cause?
tamponade. Can hear a pericardial friction rub often.
What disease does rheumatic heart disease often follow? What part of the heart does it usually affect?
strep throat. It affects the mitral valve usually and sometimes another valve.
Infective endocarditis is caused by what agent(s)?
What is the primary cause?
bacterial or fungal.
Most often happens when infection is introduced directly into the blood stream.
