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MY Bacteriology exam 2 > Mycobacterium > Flashcards

Mycobacterium Flashcards

1
Q

mycobacterium has very long and complex ____

A

mycolic acid

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2
Q

is Mycobacterium reportable?

A

YES!- hugely important must report

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3
Q

Mycobacterium has a very _____ cell wall and is acid fast ____

A

lipid rich, acid fast positive

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4
Q

Does mycobacterium form spores?

A

no- it is non spore forming

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5
Q

True/False: Mycobacterium has flagella and capsule

A

False: Flagella and capsule are ABSENT from mycobacterium

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6
Q

True/False: Mycobacterium does not survive in the environment for very long

A

False: they are very heary and survive for very long periods of time in the environment due to their very lipid rich cell wall

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7
Q

Is mycobacterium gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

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8
Q

What is the best diagnostic test for Mycobacterium?

A

Acid fast stain

Acid fast positive- they resist discoloration

You’ll be able to see macrophages packed with mycobacterium

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9
Q

What other organism is a good differential for Mycobacterium?

A

Systemic fungi

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10
Q

Mycobacterium can be either ______ or ______ pathogens

A

obligate or opportunistic

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11
Q

What diseases are caused by mycobacterium?

A

Tuberculosis- most common

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)- important in ruminants

Granulomatose disease

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12
Q

What lipid virulence factors does mycobacterium have that aids in intra macrophage survival?

A

Lipids, glycolipids, and peptidoglyolipids

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13
Q

Mycobacterium posses enzymes such as alkyl hydroperoxidase reductase that down regulates what?

A

the respiratory burst and the immune response in general

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14
Q

Glycolipid attribuites to the ____ factor

A

Cord

(bacteria form cords when grown in liquid medium)

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15
Q

Mycobacterium also produces ____ for iron acquisition

A

siderophores

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16
Q

Animal tuberculosis is a ____ disease

A

Reportable

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17
Q

True/False: You treat food animals for tuberculosis

A

FALSE- you DO NOT treat food animals for tuberculosis. You immediatly eliminate those animals

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18
Q

What type of inflammation does tuberculosis cause?

A

granulomatose

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19
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is found in what species

A

humans and primates

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20
Q

Mycobacterium bovis is found in what species?

A

cattle, humans, primates

humans get this from contaminated milk

(picture shows tuberculosis in cattle with caseous necrosis)

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21
Q

mycobaterium avium is found in what species?

A

birds

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22
Q

Which subspecies of mycobacterium is the most common causitive agent of tuberculosis in poultry?

A

mycobacterium avium subspecies avium

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23
Q

What 4 species are known to be reservoirs for mycobacterium bovis?

A

white tail deer in USA- most important to know

badger

brush tailed possum

cape buffalo

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24
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

A

respiratory tract and ailmentary routes

(inhalation or ingestion)

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25
Q

_____ zoonosis is also possible with Mycobaterium tuberculosis

A

reversible

humans can transfer the mycobacterium to the animals

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26
Q

What is the process if the organism is inhaled?

A

the mycobacterium can be taken in by macrophages and will start replicating within them and eventually reach the regional lymph nodes.

If strong immune response is evoked- the bacterial will be arrested in the lymph nodes. Granulomatose inflammation encapsulates the bacteria and shedding will not occur. In time, when the host gets stressed, the foci can open and release the live mycobacterium

If the immune response is weak- the mycobacterium will continue replicating in macrophages. Reaches other tissue, including mammary gland and can be released in milk. Bacteria released in feces and contaminates the environment

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27
Q

What type of vaccine do we need for mycobacteria?

A

cell mediated vaccine

We need to stimulate TH1

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28
Q

_____ can also release a lot of bacteria into the environment

A

Coughing

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29
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

central area of calcification

mycobacterium are associated with granulomatose lesions

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30
Q

If you are dealing with an immunosuppresed animal, that does not induce a cell mediated immune response, what kind of inflammation will occur?

A

Tuberculous pneumonia will occur and predominatly neutrophils will respond

Larger chance of rapid death and dissemination of the bacteria

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31
Q

In a cell mediated immunity, what kind of cells with dominate?

A

macrophages- can protect from dissemination

HOWEVER, can also aid in dissemination because tissue damage facilitates bacterial spread

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32
Q

What are some disease patterns of animal tuberculosis?

A

emaciation

enlarged lymph nodes

cough

diarrhea

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33
Q

What should be high on your differentials if you have a cow with nasty lesions in the spleen, liver lungs, and lymph nodes with caseous necrosis?

A

mycobacterium bovis

main agent causing tuberculosis in ruminants

(picture shows bovine tuberculosis)

34
Q

What other types of mycobacterium have also been isolated in cattle other than mycobacterium bovis?

A

Mycobacterium avium- abortions

mycobacterium tuberculosis

35
Q

If you do an acid fast stain and it is bovine tuberulosis positive, what should you see?

A

granulomatose inflammatory cells with acid fast organisms

36
Q

True/False Horses are commonly infected with mycobacterium

A

False: horses are rarely infected

37
Q

What mycobacterium are swine normally infected by?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

usually via the ailmentary route

38
Q

what is the causitive agent for tuberculosis in swine and humans?

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis

39
Q

What is the most common mycobacterium of dogs and cats?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

(dogs may also be infected with Mycobacterium tuberuclosis)

40
Q

What disease does mycobacterium cause in dogs?

A

Marie’s disease

41
Q

What mycobacterium are humans usually associated with?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis

42
Q

What are the routes of transmission to humans?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis- airborne (ex. homeless shelters)

Mycobacterium bovis- ingestion of contaminated milk

43
Q

What are the most common areas of lesions for mycobacteria?

A

liver, spleen, and lungs

These tissues are rich with macrophages, which is where mycobacteria can accumlate

44
Q

Pathogenesis of mycobacterium in Birds

A

disseminate to liver and spleen - wide nodules are spread throughout the tissues

45
Q

Tuberuolosis has high _____ in confined groups

A

communicability

46
Q

What type of cattle are more resistant to tuberculosis and what type has a higher prevalence?

A

Zebu cattle- more reistant

dairy cattle- higher prevalence

47
Q

Tuberculosis is more associated with the ______ immune response

A

cell mediated

(without it the disease is more likely to disseminate)

48
Q

Vaccines (BCG) for tubercuolsis is focused on ______

A

infants

49
Q

What can you use to disinfect a sample and isolate mycobacterium?

A

hypochlorite

50
Q

True/False: Tubercle bacilli are very hardy

A

True

survive long periods in soil

resistant to many disinfectants

51
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: Is it better to grow mycobacterium on media or do a molecular diagnosis?

A

molecular diagnosis

Grows very slow on media

52
Q

What is the most common test done to look for tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculin Test (hypersensitivty)

Subcutaneous injection- fever

Conjuntival injection- conjunctivits

Intradermal route- local swelling

53
Q

What is the downfall of the Tuberculin test?

A

False positives and false negatives are frequent

54
Q

What do positive tuberculosis skind test results look like?

A

Like this:

55
Q

What is the treatment for mycobacterium?

A

identification and elmination of infected animals

56
Q

True/False: eradication of bovine, human, and avian tuberculosis will dimish infection hazards for other species

A

TRUE

57
Q

What species is Johne’s disease most important in?

A

ruminants

(Guernsey, Jersey, and Shorthorn)

58
Q

What is the causative agent of Johnes disease?

A

mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

59
Q

What does Johne’s disease cause?

A

wasting disease of ruminants

lesions in the GI tract. Does not allow absorption of nutrients which leads to loss of liquids

REPORTABLE

60
Q

Who is the reservoir for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis?

A

symptomatic and asymptomatic wild and domestic ruminants, swine and rabbits

spread mainly through ingestion or contact with feces

61
Q

Pathogenesis of Johne’s disease

A
  1. bacteria are ingested and uptaken by MALT and M cells in GI tract
  2. 12 month incuabtion period- slow growing
  3. Form tuberculoid lesions with granulomas
  4. Th1 lymphocyte recruitment
  5. if IFN gamma is compromisd there will be dissemination (possible for IFN gamma to maintain the bacteria in the tuberculin stage so it won’t disseminate)
  6. granulomatous reaction
  7. damage to the mucosl eptthelium (lepromatous stage)
62
Q

What percent of John’es diseae progress to clinical diseases?

A

5%

malabsorption, protein loosing entropathy

63
Q

What does Johnes disease cause in ruminants?

A

weight loss, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes

64
Q

What age group is most susceptible to Johne’s disease?

A

young

disease is mostly due to stress factors

65
Q

Is a vaccine used for Johne’s disease in the US?

A

no, because the vaccine interfere with the diagnosis (false positives)

66
Q

Best way to diagnose Johnes disease

A

sample of ileocecal area

Ziehl neelsen stain- acid fast (positive rods)

67
Q

What needs to be added to the media for Johnes disease to grow?

A

mycobactin- siderophore

68
Q

_____ test are of high value because there are high antibody titers

A

serological

69
Q

Johnes disease causes a _____ type hypersensitivity

A

delayed

70
Q

Treatment for Johnes disease

A

eliminate infected animals

overall cleanliness techniques

71
Q

______of milk is extremely important

A

pasteurization

72
Q

Causative agent of Feline Leprosy

A

Mycobacterium lepraemurium

73
Q

How is feline leprosy transmitted?

A

rodent bite

74
Q

Feline leprosy causes mycobacterial infection of the ____ and is acid fast _____

A

skin

acid fast positive

75
Q

Feline leprosy treatment

A

surgical excision of affected sites

76
Q

True/False: Mycobacterium can also be present in reptilians, fish and amphibians associated with chronic type inflammation

A

True

77
Q

True/False: all mycobacterium have a zoonotic risk

A

True

78
Q

Which mycobacteria are found in aquatic organisms?

A

M. marinum

M. fortuitum

M. chelonae

79
Q

Most common inflammation caused by mycobacterium

A

granuloma inflammation packed with acid fast positive bacilli

80
Q

what is the zoonotic significance of the aquatic mycobacteria?

A

Fish handlers diease aka swimming pool granuloma

MY Bacteriology exam 2 (18 decks)

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