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MY Bacteriology exam 2 > Bacillus > Flashcards

Bacillus Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bacillus also known as?

A

Anthrax

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2
Q

True/False: Bacillus forms a spore

A

True!!!!- They are spore forming

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3
Q

What is the main pathogen of Bacillus?

A

Bacillus Anthracis

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4
Q

What does Bacillus form?

A

Very long gram positive rods

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5
Q

Are Bacillus anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Facultative anaerobes

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6
Q

Bacillus is catalase _____ and oxidase ______

A

catalase positive and oxidase negative

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7
Q

How do you distinguish Bacillus from Clostridia?

A

Catalse test

If it bubbles you have Bacillus

If it doesn’t bubble you have clostridia

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8
Q

Where is Bacillus typically found?

A

soil and water

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9
Q

Why can Bacillus survive in the environement for long periods of time?

A

endospore is very hearty- can live forever

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10
Q

What plasmids does Bacillus produce?

A

pX01 and pX02

plasmids makes them very virulent

PX02 encodes for the capsule

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11
Q

What regulatory proteins does Bacillus have?

A

AtxA- anthrax toxin activator

AcpA- Anthrax capsule activator

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12
Q

What does the capsule do in Bacillus

A

inhibits phagocytosis

composed of D-Glutamyl polypeptide

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13
Q

non encapsulted isolates are essentially _____

A

avirulent

vaccine can get a good reaction against an avirulent bacillus anthracis

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14
Q

What is the two toxins of Bacillus?

A

Lethal toxin and Edema toxin

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15
Q

What is Lethal toxin composed of?

A

Protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF)

LF is responsible for the toxic activity

Protective antigen is for adhesion

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16
Q

What does Lethal toxin cause at high and low doses?

A

At low doses causes cytokine storm- multi organ failure and death

At high doses- apoptosis of macrophages

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17
Q

What is the lethal toxin and edema toxin under the control of?

A

AtxA

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18
Q

what is the edema toxin composed of?

A

protective antigen and edema factor

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19
Q

What does edema factor cause?

A

electrolyte and fluid loss in affected cells

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20
Q

Why do we incinerate carcasses that have bacillus anthracis?

A

because the vegetative cells can survive for 2 weeks in unopened carcass

21
Q

what kind of soils does bacillus anthracis love?

A

calcium rich soils

calcium plays a huge rold in formation of the endospore

22
Q

Spores can persist for ____ in dry environment

A

decades

23
Q

Does Bacillus anthracis have a large variability?

A

No- they have spores that live forever on the ground so they don’t need to be variable

24
Q

What species are resistant to Bacillus?

A

Carnivores are fairly resistant

Birds are totally resistant

25
Q

What is the infectious unit of the Bacteria?

A

Endospore

26
Q

What are the modes of transmission of Bacillus?

A

ingestion of contaminated feed and water- bone meal and animal feed supplements are common vehicles

wound infection

arthropod bites

Sheering sheep- wool may have anthrax

27
Q

Pathogenesis of Bacillus

A
  1. animal ingests the spore or it enters a wound
  2. Bacteria phagocytosed by macrophages- spores germinate into vegetative form
  3. due to environmental cues the toxins will start getting released
  4. Bacteria escapes its vegetative form from the phagolysosome and causes cytokine storm
  5. fluid and elecrolyte loss via edema factor
  6. multi organ dysfunction, shock, and depletion of clotting factor
28
Q

when does the vegetative form start?

A

Once the spore gets into the tissue

29
Q

What causes bleeding at body orifices?

A

Lethal factor

This is followed by shock and death

30
Q

What are some post mortem findings with Bacillus?

A

ABSENCE OF RIGOR MORTIS

non clotting blood- bleeding from the nose and other orfices

hemorrhage

friable spleen

31
Q

Who are the most susceptible species for Bacillus?

A

Sheep and Cattle

They get Septicemia!!!

32
Q

True/ False: Bacillus has a long incubation period?

A

False- very short incubation period 1-5 days

sometimes animals can die without clinical signs

33
Q

What are clinical signs in horses with Bacillus?

A

Colic, diarrhea, and edema

34
Q

What clinical signs are produced in swine with Bacillus?

A

obstructive edema may cause death

hemorrhagic enteritis

35
Q

Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Anthrax

A
  1. bacteria enters through cut or abrasion
  2. incubation for a few days- papule forms
  3. papule becomes blister that ulcerates
  4. lesion dries and leaves necrotic area called BLACK ESCHAR

low fatality

36
Q

What causes gastrointestinal anthrax and what is the outcome?

A

consumption of contaminated meat

Septiemia can occur

Comes with a high fatality rate! (25-60%)

37
Q

What are the characteristic of inhalation anthrax?

A

Mortality is 100%

pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic pneumonia

meningitis and hemorrhage in the brain

sometimes incubation can be really low even with high doses

38
Q

Does Bacillus typically infect from animal to animal?

A

No- not unless you have a lot of infected carcasses around

39
Q

What kind of sera can help alleviate disease?

A

Hyper immune sera

40
Q

What kind of vaccine can be used that lacks the pX02 plasmid?

A

Sterne strain vaccine

41
Q

True/False: Field necrospsys should be performed on carcasses

A

False: NO FIELD NECROPSY- you will expose yourself and the environment

42
Q

What stain is used to detect Bacillus?

A

McFadyeans methylene blue - you can see the capsule

43
Q

Picture of Bacillus anthracis to know

A
44
Q

Bacillus is a facultative anaerobe, when it is aerobic and doesn’t form a capsule what appreance does it have on growth media?

A

medusa head

45
Q

What test is characterized by blebbing?

A

String of Pearl test

46
Q

What thermopreciptation test is very specific for bacillus anthracis?

A

Ascoli Test

47
Q

What is the treatment for Bacillus?

A

antimicrobial treatment with antiserum - Penicillin G

animals are isolated and treated- quarantined for 3 weeks

48
Q

Bacillu causes a _____ disease

A

Reportable

incinerate the carcass

MY Bacteriology exam 2 (18 decks)

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