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MY Bacteriology exam 2 > Invasive Clostridium > Flashcards

Invasive Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

Clostridum are gram _____ and ____ forming

A

positive and spore forming

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2
Q

Clostrium form _____ rods

A

anaerobic - they do not need oxygen to grow

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3
Q

________ imparts resistance to the drying heat, irradiation and disinfectants

A

endospore

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4
Q

Clostridium can survive for _____ in the environment due to the endospore

A

years

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5
Q

Clostridium is catalase _____, oxidase ______ and _______ ferments

A

negative, negative, they DO ferment

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6
Q

Clostrial cultures emit _____

A

putrid odor

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7
Q

CLostrium are motile via _____ flagella

A

peritrichous

(C. perferingens is non motile)

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8
Q

True/False: All clostridium produce endopores

A

False: Most Clostridium do not produce endospores

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9
Q

What Clostridium species is most common in humans and animals?

A

Clostridium perfringens

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10
Q

Clostridium is associated with enterotoxemias in ruminants, diarrhea, and wound infections that can lead to _____

A

gas gangrene (type A toxin)

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11
Q

Clostridium perfringens happens on farms with high diets of ______

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

What are the virulence factors of Clostridium Perfringens?

A

adhesiosn- helps to bind to epithelial cells

capsule

Global regulatory systems - regulate toxin expression

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13
Q

Normally clostridium perfringens are present in the _____ or in the ______ of animals

A

intestinal tract or in the muscle

Bacteria moves into the muscle if there is muscle damage

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14
Q

When Clostridium Perfringens are in an environment that is not good for them they turn the regulatory system ____, but when the bacteria are in favorable conditions, the VirR and VirS start regulation the toxin production

A

off

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15
Q

What would you see if you took a fine needle aspirate of an abscess with Clostridium?

A

Neutrophils that have been damaged or are in the process of dying. Along with Gram positive straight rods

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16
Q

_____ toxin is produced by all Clostridum perfringens and causes hemolysis, necrosis and lethality

A

alpha

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17
Q

_____ toxin is a pore forming toxin that is favored by protease inhibitors in colostrum

A

beta

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18
Q

______ toxin is activated by trypsin and is necrotizing and lethal to epithelial cells

A

Epsilon

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19
Q

Epsilon toxin concentrates in the brain and kidney and also damages the ______

A

microvasculature

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20
Q

_____ toxin affects the cellular cytoskeleton and kills the affected cell

A

Iota

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21
Q

________ (theta toxin) produces holes in the cellular membrane and is important for escape from the phagolysosome

A

Perfringolysin O

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22
Q

______ is produced by some C. perfringens during sporulation results in electrolyte abnormalities and diarrhea

A

Enterotoxin

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23
Q

What is the reservoir for Clostridium perfringens and how is it transmitted?

A

Intestinal tract and soil

it is transmitted via wound infection and ingestion

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24
Q

In the pathology of wound infection, what is the most important toxin and what does it cause?

A

alpha

causes cellulitis and gas gangrene (myonecrosis)

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25
Q

What three virulence factors play a big role in Wound infection by clostridium perfringens?

A

Capsule, alpha toxin, and perfringolysin O

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26
Q

Wound infection pathogenesis leads to the production of _____

A

gas

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27
Q

In animals that produce a lot of toxins and tissue damage it can lead to _____

A

enterotoxemia

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28
Q

Enterotoxemia ( Type A) leads to an outbreak of gastritis and hemolytic disease in ruminants known as?

A

Yellow lamb disease

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29
Q

What are the important virulence factors in Enterotoxemia (Type A)?

A

alpha toxin, perfringlolysin O, and enterotoxins

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30
Q

What does enterotoxemia (Type A) cause in chickens?

A

necrotic enteritis

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31
Q

Enterotoxemia (Type B) causes _____ in new born lambs

A

dysentery

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32
Q

In enterotoxemia (Type B), ____ toxin is the principle factor and it is susceptible to ______

A

Beta, Susceptible to trypsin

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33
Q

Enterotoxemia is largely due to an _____ of established normal intestinal flora

A

absence

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34
Q

Enterotoxemia (Type ____) is mainly in neonates. Beta toxin is the principle virulence factor and protease inhibitors in colostrum favors its action

A

C

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35
Q

What are the main signs of enterotoxemia and how fatal is it?

A

depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea and it reaches 100% mortality

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36
Q

Enterotoxemia type ____ is in older lambs. It is an overeating disease and causes pulpy kidney

A

D

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37
Q

Enterotoxemia type D has a predilection for older animals and involves the ____ toxin

A

epsilon

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38
Q

What type of enterotoxemia can cause encephalemalasia in the brain?

A

Type D

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39
Q

The presence of enterotoxin after the formation of the spore can lead to what?

A

nonenterotoxemic diarrhea

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40
Q

True/False: Clostridium perfringens is affected by diet and age of the animal

A

True:

neonates are more vulnerable and overeating a diet rich in carbohydrates can trigger presense of the disease

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41
Q

What time of the year is Clostridia perfringens more abundant?

A

When the forage is rich and abundant

*Clostridia that do not produce a spore do not survive well in the environment

42
Q

What type of immunity is best for Clostridium perfringens?

A

antibody mediated

43
Q

In Blood agar, Clostridia perfringens forms a ____ zone of hemolysis

A

double

44
Q

Clostria Perfringens has a ____CAMP test with S. agalactiae

A

positive

45
Q

A good diagnostic tool to identify Clostridia Perfringens is to test its ____ activity to see if alpha toxin is present

A

hemolytic

alpha toxin with lyse all red blood cells

46
Q

_____ fermenation is also a good way to diagnose Clostridia

A

Stormy

*clotting of milk followed by gaseous disruption

47
Q

True/False: The Naglers agar is a good way to test the Lecithinase activity of Clostridium Perfringens

A

True

The alpha toxin can degradate the lecithinase in the red blood cells

48
Q

True/False: Enterotoxemia can be treated easily

A

False

most cases are too acute for successful treatment

49
Q

What is the best way to prevent Clostridium Perfringens?

A

Immunization of the dams

50
Q

True/False: To prevent Clostridium perfringens you should ensure against overeating

A

True

51
Q

True/False: Clostridium difficile is non motile

A

False- it is motile

52
Q

What part of the intestine is affected with Clostridium difficile?

A

Large intestine

*accumulation of mucous and fibrin

53
Q

True/Fasle: Clostridium difficile is a cause of diarrheal disease in humans

A

True

*antibiotic associated- when the animal has been taking large amounts of antibiotics

54
Q

With Clostridium Difficile, most of the lesions and clinical signs are associated with necrosis of the mucosa of the ______

A

large intestine

55
Q

True/False: Clostridium difficile has adhesions and a capsule

A

True

56
Q

What is the most important toxin associated with C. difficile?

A

Toxin A (Tox A or TcdA)

57
Q

True/False: In Clostridium Difficile, Toxin A is a extotoxin and produces damage to the tight junctions of the cells and results in cell death

A

False

Toxin A is an enterotoxin

It does produce damage to the tight junctions and results in cell death

58
Q

True/False: Clostridium Difficile is part of the normal flora of the intestine and when they find the righ environment to grow is when they start producing the disease. Disease is caused by stress, antibiotics ect.

A

True

59
Q

_____ can be used for the identification of the different types of Clostridium

A

flagella

60
Q

Clostridium difficile causes an intense inflammatory reaction with ______

A

diarrhea

61
Q

What does the Large intestine look like with clostridium difficile disease?

A

LIKE THIS

hemorrhagic mucosa

62
Q

Best way to treat clostridium difficile

A

orally administered antitoxin

63
Q

Clostridium novyi is _____ anaerobic rod and produces heat resistant _____

A

obligate anaerobe

heat resistant spore

64
Q

True/ false: C. novyi produces gas gangrene, big head, and black disease

A

True

65
Q

What is the main toxin of C. Novyi

A

alpha toxin

*causes cell death

66
Q

There are two types of C. novyi, type ____ and type ____

A

A and B

67
Q

____ toxin is produced by type B clostridium novyi. It causes cell death and hemolysis

A

Beta toxin

68
Q

_____ toxin is produced by Type A clostridium Novyi. It binds to the cholesterol and produces lysis of the cell

A

Delta toxin

69
Q

What is the reservoir for the different types of Clostridium novyi?

A

Type A- soil

Type A and B- normal intestine

70
Q

How does an animal get clostridium novyi?

A

ingesting or wound infection

71
Q

Clostridium Novyi Type A causes what?

A

gas gangrene and Bighead of rams

*both are due to wounds

72
Q

True/False: Bighead causes edema and death in 24 days

A

False: causes death in 1-4 days

73
Q

Pathogenesis for Type B clostridium novyi

A
  1. spores are mobilized from intestine and go to the liver kupffer cells
  2. liver cells are damaged. Spores germinate
  3. Beta toxin production and dissemination
74
Q

What kind of disease does C. novyi Type B cause?

A

Black disease

*venous congestion causing blackening of the blood

75
Q

What organ is affected most with C. novyi?

A

Liver- necrotic and with gas bubbles

76
Q

What parasite does Black disease coincide with?

A

Liver fluke- fasciola hepatica

77
Q

What will be seen if you do a liver smear of Clostridium novyi?

A

Large gram positive rods with oval shaped spore

78
Q

What is the best treatment for C. novyi?

A

control of liver flukes

bacterin-toxoid combination vaccine

79
Q

True/False: Clostridium haemolyticum has a capsule?

A

False- nonecapsulated

80
Q

What is the main virulence factor of C. hameolyticum?

A

Pholpholipase C toxin

81
Q

What disease does Clostridium haemolyticum cause in ruminants?

A

presense of hemoglobin in the urine called “red water”

82
Q

Is C. heamolyticum, hemolytic?

A

VERY- hemolysis if prominant

83
Q

What Clostridium is the leading cause of wound infections of farm animals?

A

Clostridium septicum

84
Q

True/False: Clostridium septicum causes edema and Braxy

A

True!

Malignant edema!!!

Braxy- changes to the mucosa of the stomach due to eating frozen forage

85
Q

What is the main part of the stomach that is infected by C. septicum and what does it cause there?

A

Abomasum and causes abomastitis

86
Q

What is the main virulence factor for C. septicum?

A

Alpha toxin

*produces the malignant edema

87
Q

_____ is caused by endothelial damage throughout the body

A

malignant edema

*severe fluid and elecrolyte imbalance

88
Q

True/False: Malignant edem usually results in death

A

True- very short period of clinical signs

89
Q

True/False: gas gangrene is associated with malignant edema

A

True

*you can see the presense of gas of blood staining of affected muscle

90
Q

What kind of PCR is done of Clostridium to determine different species?

A

flagellar

91
Q

Best way to control C. septicum?

A

vaccination

clean wounds well

92
Q

Clostridium chauvoei causes a necrotizing myositis in cattle called _____

A

Black leg

93
Q

How do animals get C. chauvoei?

A

endogenous and soil acquired infection

94
Q

True/False: Clostridium chauvoei causes muscle to appear black because it causes high necrosis of the tissue and hemolysis

A

True

95
Q

What is the main virulence factor of C. chauvoei?

A

Alpha toxin

96
Q

What disease causes high fever, anorexia, lameness, superficial lesions, and death with C. Chauvoei?

A

Black leg

*necrosis of the fibers of the muscles

97
Q

What causes the lesions in the muscle of black leg?

A

bacterial growth and toxin production

98
Q

Pathogenesis of Black leg

A
  1. Bacteria enters the GI tract
  2. Spores disseminate to the muscle
  3. injury in the muscle leads to spore producing toxins
  4. muscle necrosis, edema and death
    (picture: muscle is black from necrosis)
99
Q

What is the main line of defense to C. chauvoei?

A

circulation antibodies

100
Q

Best way to control C. chauvei?

A

vaccination of cattle

vaccination of pregnant ewes

change pasture

MY Bacteriology exam 2 (18 decks)

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