MYCENAE Flashcards
Why was Mycenae a good place to build a city?
Situated on a hill – good for defence
Surrounded by ravines – makes it almost impossible to attack
Plains on three sides – good for farming
Spring which supplied water 400 metres away – drinking, agriculture
Near sea – good for trade
Hills north and south of the citadel
Family tree of how Tiryns and Mycenae was found?
there are 2 brothers Proitos and Acrisius. Proitos founded Tiryns (the birthplace of Heracles)
Acrisius’ daughter, Danae slept with zeus and had a son Perseus, who founded Mycenae
what are the main features of Mycenae?
- 40- 50 metres above plains (on a hill
- Surrounded by hills
- ground artificially levelled
- Cyclopean walls made out of limestone (900 m long, 12 m high, 5.5 – 7.5 m thick)
- Lion Gate
- Sally Ports
- Corbelling (North and south)
- Cistern (water tank)
- Graves
what are the main features of Troy?
- high walls around 7 metres high VI
- towers VI
- wealth VI
- 10,000 population VI
- Partial human remain found Viia
- Fire Viia
- Storage jars Via
what are the main features of Tiryns?
- built on a hill, 18 metres above land
- Citadel 400 m long and between 45-100 m wide
- gates were 7-10 m wide and ‘Cyclopean’
- Corbelled galleries
- megarons and rooms around it
- cyclopean ramp
when is the lion hunt dagger from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Grave Circle IV, Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Material: Gold, Silver, Niello (appears black made of silver, sulphur, copper, lead) – the dagger itself is bronze
Techniques: inlay
Significance: shows use of weapons and armour, evidence of trade and hunting
when is the fresco of a Mycenaean lady holding a necklace from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 13th Century BC
Location: House of the Chief Priest, Mycenae
Significance: fresco colours and styles of female clothing hand hairstyle, jewellery
What it shows: although she is dressed as an ordinary Mycenaean woman, many believe that the necklace could’ve been a gift, and therefore she is a goddess/priestess. She’s in a linen/silk/woolen short sleeved blouse, elaborate thin robe, intricate hair, jewellery, shows she’s wealthy.
when is the fresco of a Mycenaean warrior vase from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 13th Century BC
Location: House of the Warrior, Mycenae
Material: Clay
Original purpose: Krater
Significance: weaponry and armour of Mycenean soldiers
when is the death mask of Agamemnon from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Grave Circle V, Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Material: sheets of gold
Techniques: hammering, repoussé
Original purpose: death mask (image-face of the deceased)
Significance: shows techniques in metalworking and burial customs
when is the Gold Rhyton (bear) from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Grave IV, Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Material: sheets of gold
Techniques: hammering, granulation, repoussé
Original purpose: container for pouring wine
Significance: shows techniques in metalworking
when is the Gold pyxis from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Shaft Grave V, Grave circle A, Mycenae
Material: wood and gold
Images: lions chasing animals, heads of cattle, spirals
Techniques: repoussé, filigree
Original purpose/Function: to hold cosmetics or jewelerry
Significance: shows technique in metal working
when is the Linear B tablet showing the word ‘tripod’ in syllabic and ideogram forms (number 641) from? where is it from? what is it made out of? what techniques? what is its significance?
Date: 13th Century BC
Location: Archive room, Palace of Pylos
Material: clay
Techniques:
Original purpose:
Significance: shows various syllables and ideograms, including the word for tripod
What it shows: shows ideograms for tripod and goblet, mentions wine – celebration?/meal?/ sacrifice?/ceremony?
What does the dagger blade showing a hunting scene show us?
expensive materials show that the owner is extremely wealthy
Level of detail, precision, and workmanship also indicate wealth
Suggests the owner hunts himself – indicating he had free time, and leisure showing his wealth
The image shows people hunting lions, which weren’t used for meat but for hide – glory, status symbol, had to have the resources necessary, high risk, coming of age (hunting was a proof of manhood)
Buried with the person itself, showing they were wealthy enough to have it sit underground
Materials imported from near east (Turkey, Lydia), indicating that there was a ‘king’ in charge of trade
Why was hunting so important?
High risk and unnecessary and required resources which shows that people who went hunting, had time, leisure, money to do so
It was a status symbol
Showed glory, power, strength
Hide
Coming of age (e.g., Odysseus book 19 scar ekphrasis)
What does the dagger blade showing a hunting scene tell us about trade?
Gold imported from Lydia (region)
Dagger itself was made of bronze which can be made with copper and tin which had to be imported from different places (copper from Cyprus, tin from near East such as Iran)
Trade links (not just a bubble)
Shows how connected Mycenae was , a hub, in the middle of all trade links
Ornamental
Silver, niello on the dagger as well
How was hunting useful in general?
Food supply (Greece was mountainous and any flat land was used for crops)
Raw materials (animal hides used as leather for armour/ early shield coverings)
Status (frescoes and rings show the wealthy went hunting and was a status symbol as it showed them on hunting expeditions)
Rite of passage
What does the Mycenaean warrior vase tell us about warriors in 13th century BC Mycenae and development since the Mycenaean era?
They had developed weaponry such as armour, shields, helmets, spears
Shows it was an important part of society as they appeared on vases
There are tusks on the helmet but not entire boar tusks as there were previously
Overtime shields became smaller
Sack attached to their spears contain food which suggest a long journey expedition (war?), women are also waving them off
Matching kit indicates an army set up by the palace
Some scholars believe that this piece might belong to a later era as they have smaller rounder shields which belong more the the 8th cent. BC rather than 13th cent BC
where is the central hearth from?
Central hearth and two holes where there would’ve been pillars
Hearth from the megaron in Pylos
what can you say about trade in Mycenae?
Lots of copper and tin ‘ingot’ trade
Copper + tin = bronze (9:1 but copper was rarer)
Used for items and decorative items
Greece was in the middle of trade routes – explains partly why Mycenaeans were so wealthy, essential for M’s growth and survival as they didn’t have a plentiful supply of mineral resources and metals.
- evidence of trade form Linear B tablets and shipwreck
Suggested that merchants would island hop to drop off supplies
Items exchanged in a ‘Bartering’ system (trade, no money)
Bathroom in the Megaron (xenia) for incoming visitors/guests
Export of olive oil (possibly scented), pottery, mixing bowls for wine
Mycenaeans got amber, gold, ivory, Lapis Lazuli, silver, copper etc. form Denmark through to Afghanistan.
tell me about development in armour and weapons
- figure of 8 shields and tower shields were gradually being replaced by rounder shields
- older shields were usually made up of 8 layers of leather, and one of bronze
- helmets also changed a lot – made up of leather caps and boar tusks (10 boars needed for one helmet) , others were made of animal skin, throat straps, hair plumes
- spears and words also became shorter over time in Mycenae, which would have been more useful in closer combat
- soldiers wore tunics called chitons, breast plates, greaves for protection but earlier on they’d wear a heavy bronze breastplate
name 3 chariot sources. what do they say?
- image 1 -> Palace fresco, Tiryns c1400 shows 2 women in a procession/ritual. You can see animal hide, wood (heavy), the chariot is used for transport, used for roads/chariot race (trade?)
- image 2 -> Stele from GCA, Mycenae, c.1600 shows a man with a sword, fighting an enemy?, horses with reigns, wealthy owner and rare
-image 3-> Signet ring Tiryns 15th cent. BC made of gold shows men in chariot with arrows hunting , hunting scene, highlights importance
what is the palace fresco?
Palace fresco, Tiryns c1400 shows 2 women in a procession/ritual. You can see animal hide, wood (heavy), the chariot is used for transport, used for roads/chariot race (trade?)
what is the stele from GCA?
Stele from GCA, Mycenae, c.1600 shows a man with a sword, fighting an enemy?, horses with reigns, wealthy owner and rare
what does the signet ring tell us?
Signet ring Tiryns 15th cent. BC made of gold shows men in chariot with arrows hunting , hunting scene, highlights importance
Who used chariots in the Mycenaean era and what for?
- used by elite, wealthy for glory, status
- for hunting, racing, warfare, rituals, spectating
- many historians believe that it is unlikely that they were used for warfare as Greece had very hilly terrain and chariots weren’t suitable for this terrain however, they could have been used for generals or the wanax to be delivered to battlegrounds
What can you say about clothes in Mycenae?
- can’t say a whole lot as no actual clothing remains because it has decayed
- However, we can understand a lot form frescos, pottery, other art
- most garment made out of wool, linen, and were then dyed and then the colour would eb locked in with urine or vinegar to preserve the dye.
- Rarer garments made out of silk
- women regularly shown in wrap around skirts made of several thin layers
- young children had their heads shaved
-men depicted as red
What were different dyes made from (yellow, red, blue, purple, and colours for frescoes?
Yellow-Onion, saffron (spice) – clothes, Ochre -frescoes (used to depict flowers)
Red-Insect eggs, madder ( plant) – clothes, Haematite – frescoes (used to depict men’s skin)
Blue - Indigo (a plant) – clothes, Copper – frescoes (used to depict monkeys, water, sky)
Purple-Shellfish ink – clothes
Black-Carbon – frescoes
White-Lime – frescoes (used to depict women)
Green-Malachite – frescoes (used to depict grass)
What can you say about textiles in Mycenae?
- industrial activity?
- carried out in workshops for royalty and export, as well as the rest of society
- those who made the clothes were payed in food
- shows Mycenae was an organized, complicates system, where people had specific roles
What is the Uluburun shipwreck? When was it? What does it show?
- from the shipwreck: 345 copper ingots, 40 tin ingots (to make bronze), glass ingots ranging in colour (Egyptian), ivory ostrich eggs, gold, pottery, Egyptian jewelrry, Cypriot bowls, Scarab (beetles) made of gold, fayence vessels (glass work), food (almonds, olives, figs, pomegranate), 24 anchors.
- showed a wide trade network, and alliances (with the Hittites, Egyptians
- shows Mycenaeans had something to trade back with (textiles, potentially mercenaries, olive oil in pottery)
- large quantity of pottery with olives on them which is potentially Mycenaean found it Egypt
- from c1400 BC (firewood found dated back to 1318BC)
- hard to tell where it originated from due to variety of cargo
Where were these different imported items (gold, amber, ivory, lapis lazuli, silver and lead, copper, ostrich eggs, tin, glass) from?
Gold-Macedonia, Egypt, Thasos
Amber-Denmark , N Europe
Ivory-Africa, Syria
Lapis lazuli-Africa, Afghanistan (?)
Silver, Lead-Attica (Athens)
Copper-Attica, Syria, Cyprus, Sardinia
Ostrich eggs-Africa
Tin-Britain, Turkey, Afghanistan, Spain
Glass-Egypt
What do Linear B tablets tell us about Mycenaean society, its structure, and religion?
- kept record of how city run
- semi-permanent record – snapshot of Mycenaean life
- names of religious leaders shows which reflect names of ancient Greek Gods such as Zeus and also how there were offerings (58 litres of oil to the Gods?, food, spices, gold (to Zeus)) - Linear B tablet (Pylos) Tn 316 mentions Z, Hera, others and also mentions people suggesting human sacrifice or someone concluding sacrifice (?)
- horses used for military equipment – organization
- shows class system (wanax etc) and mentions jobs
- over 1000 found in Pylos
- used ideograms and symbols to write – sophisticated
- tell us about farming, food production, wine production (420 vines, 14,000 litres in storage)
How are frescoes made and who for?
- made using thick lime plaster on top of straw which was then covered by a thinner layer. This would then be painted on quickly before it dried.
- expensive (dyes), had to be skilled, high status
What does the gold ring from Tiryns tell us? What does it show? When is it from?
- gold ring, Tiryns, 15th Cent BC (3.5cmx5.7cm)
- in the top part you can see the sun, moon, wheat – connection to rituals?
- on the left you can sea a priestess or goddess seated, which shoes power.
- There is an eagle behind her – power?
- she has a foot rest
- griffins are approaching her with what seems to be offerings/libations in long necked jugs (supernatural)
- to do with harvest? Is the Goddess demeter?
- made for a wealthy person – hequetai/local wanax or priestess/priest
What were figures used for? What were they?
Suggested to have been used for religious prayers or other religious significance (offerings, worship, votive offering to Gods)
They were small enough to be held in your hand
Could’ve also been used as a toy
Different styles were easily recognized
made of clay, ivory, could be carved
What is a votive offering?
A kind of gift to the Gods in hope that a prayer will be fulfilled
What are the main types of figurines?
phi female/childbirth/fertility? maternal protection? crop and fertility?
psi swirly pattern
tau headress/priestess/goddess
Why are linear b tablets so important?
- there is no literature form that period of time so in this way we can learn about certain aspects of life
- shed light on how Greek language developed and also belief as in LBTs you can see the names of some Olympian Gods
- acceidently survived as the sites went through some major fires – gives us a real insight into what life was like
- they tell us about agriculture and food production
- A tablet form Knossos talks about wine production (storage of 14 L of wine)
- animals mentioned such as horses (listed as military equipment), pigs, goats
- some LBTs record details of how cities are run including wanax, lawagatas, hequetai
- mention of female religious workers and women who ground corn, spun and produced flax. Workers such as musicians, bakers, sweepers are also mentioned showing Mycenae was an organized society. + offerings and military equipment
What were the burial customs of Mycenaeans?
- wealthy bodies would be adorned in jerwelerry (as seen on wrists and necks of skeletons)
- drinks offered to the Gods ( metal cups found badly damages at the entrance of tholos tombs)
- bones of animals found - meal to honor dead?
- gifts offered but have either decayed of been stolen
- painted scenes on caskets tell us about customs
- shows us it was an elabourate religious procession
- stelei for the wealthy
- killing of animals (rare- animal sacrifice?)
- raised mound (tumulus)
What is a cist grave? What does it look like?
shallow pit dug in the earth and sides are covered in slabs of stone. A pile of stones placed on ground for dead body – body has to be curved due to the smaller size of the pit
What is a shaft grave? What does it look like?
- natural development of a cist grave but larger and deeper (narrow shaft). Rubble walls + roof support with beams. Stelai on top
it was common for multiple to be in the same burial
What is a tholos tomb? What does it look like?
- built of stone
- monumental, for important people
- high domed roof
- dug down form the side of a hill
- side chamber for body
- corbelled walls
- stone barricade between dromos and tomb
elevated slope hiding entrance? - long entrance chamber (dromos) which was richly decorated
What is a Chamber tomb? What does it look like?
- similar to a tholos tomb but dug out of earth using rock.
-Several people were buried in each - rock
- stone barricade blocking entrance
- Natural rock NOT corbelled
What does one family using the same tomb after generations show? What do offerings in tombs shows?
- points to essential stability of their communities
- offerings used to display wealth for living, or for dead to take into next world with them
What can you say about shaft graves in GCB (1675-1500)?
There were 24 grave in total, 10 cist graves and 14 shaft graves, surrounded by low wall of rough stone (at one point in time).
- The first graves are similar to other pit and cist graves but the later burials were place d into larger deeper pits (shaft graves)
- These burials were around 2.5 m into the rock, and the larges had dimensions of 3.9x4m
- there was a chamber at the bas fo the shaft grave and beams to support the roof
What can you say about shaft graves in GCA (1600-1500)?
- 6 large shaft graves made out of limestone to form bed rock. A 7th grave was later made
- these shafts are deeper, 4m and larger, than those in GCB .
- it was clear the burials had been reopened for additional burials
- Gold was found in these graves highlighting the very high status of occupants
What is a tumulus?
mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.
What is the treasury of Atrius? When is it from? What does it show?
- it is the largest of nine tholoi at Mycenae
- It would have required enormous amounts of labour to built/
1350-1300 BC - 8m lintel stone
- the façade and elaborate doorway are lavishly decorated with 8.5m half-columns and carved spirals, rosettes and zig zags
- there are no burial goods as they were ransacked
- demonstrates wealth and architectural engineering
What was found in grave circle A? What does it show?
- 2 gold death masks
- Gold cup with Repousee spirals
- gold necklace
- bronze dagger inlaid with gold spirals, bronze swords decorated with griffins
- amber bead necklace
- wooden pyxis covered in gold cups
- ostrich egg rhyton with faience (glazed ceramic)
- gold octopus brooch
- more swords, jewelerry, vessels
- shows they respected the dead, objects needed to get into the afterlife, demonstration of wealth +shows they had access to exotic and imported goods
What was found in GCB? Why do we know more about the skeletons in GCB?
- we know more about the skeletons, because they were excavated later, and not by Schliemann who had little moral ethics when is came to excavating
- weaponry made of bronze, beads, amphorae, ceramic vessels, cups, bones of animals were found
What was the most popular type of burial?
- more chamber tombs than tholoi were built because it was easier to construct
- Note after 1150 BC cist graves become the most common graves again
Do tombs and burials raise more questions about the Mycenaeans than they provide answers?
- no -> they show wealth (gold in GCA, pyxis, treasury of atrius), religion (libations, rhyta, dead animals, cups from religious procession), and how graves developed over time
- yes they raise questions -> only show the high status, what about the poorer people?, how accurate is is e.g., rumored that Schliemann planted the mask of Agamemnon and bribed officials. We can never truly know where they were religious.
How many kg of gold found in GCA?
15kg
What is most impressive about frescoes?
- colour and dyes
- technique
what it shows about Mycenaean culture such as clothes, religion, chariots, etc
Linear B tablets tell us little about ordinary Myceneans. Do you agree? Why/Why not?
- vitally important for keeping organized, keeping records
- snapshot of Mycenaean life
- tells us about farming, religion, class system, jobs e.g., baker and musicians.
- animals
- stock lists
- LBT Tn 316 shows evidence for religious offerings and mentions Olympian Gods (suggest human sacrifice/ presence of a slave/priest etc.)
THEY TELL US LITTLE BECAUSE – suggests literacy but only for scribes (100 types of handwriting found at Knossos), trade but focus on palace.
what is the timeline of the minoans?
Early Minoan 3100 BC
(developments in gem-engraving, metal work, pottery -> info based on burial sites)
Palatial Minoan c. 2000 BC
(Huge Palace Sites emerge with complex masonry and frescoes and central paved courtyards, and writing developments, artistic development)
Late Minoan c. 1500 BC
(Evidence of increasing Mycenaean influence; widespread destruction in 1450 BC throughout Crete, documents in Linear B)
Late Minoan c. 1100 BC
(Minoan Culture in decline)
where were the Minoans?
crete and cyclades
what was the timeline for the mycenaeans
Early Mycenaean 1600-1400 BC
(burials made in shaft graves; the Peloponnese, Attics, Central Greece)
Palatial period 1400-1250 BC
(huge palace structures reach their peak, art work and culture boom)
Late Mycenaean 1250-1150 BC
(Palaces seem to have come under attack before being abandoned or destroyed)
where were the mycenaeans from?
mainland greece
where is the dagger blade showing a hunting scene from? where was it found?
16th Century BC
Grave Circle IV, Grave Circle A, Mycena
what is the dagger blade showing a hunting scene made of? what techniques were used to make it?
Gold, Silver, Niello (appears black made of silver, sulphur, copper, lead) – the dagger itself is bronze
Inlay
where is the Fresco of a Mycenaean lady holding a necklace from? where was it found?
Date: 13th Century BC
Location: House of the Chief Priest, Mycenae
what does the Fresco of a Mycenaean lady holding a necklace show? what is its significance?
Significance: fresco colours and styles of female clothing hand hairstyle, jewellery
What it shows: although she is dressed as an ordinary Mycenaean woman, many believe that the necklace could’ve been a gift, and therefore she is a goddess/priestess. She’s in a linen/silk/woolen short sleeved blouse, elaborate thin robe, intricate hair, jewellery, shows she’s wealthy.
where is the Mycenaean Warrior Vase from? when is it form? what is it? what is its significance?
it is a krater.
Date: 13th Century BC
Location: House of the Warrior, Mycenae
Significance: weaponry and armour of Mycenean soldiers
where is the Death mask of Agamemnon from? when is it form?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Grave Circle V, Grave Circle A, Mycenae
what is the Death mask of Agamemnon made of? what techniques were used?
Material: sheets of gold
Techniques: hammering, repoussé
what was the purpose of the Death mask of Agamemnon? what is its significance?
Original purpose: death mask (image-face of the deceased)
Significance: shows techniques in metalworking and burial customs
where is the Gold Rhyton (bear) from? when is it from?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Grave IV, Grave Circle A, Mycenae
what is the Gold Rhyton (bear) made of? what techniques were used?
Material: sheets of gold
Techniques: hammering, granulation, repoussé
what is the purpose and significance of the Gold Rhyton (bear)?
Original purpose: container for pouring wine
Significance: shows techniques in metalworking
What it shows:
where is the gold pyxis from? when is it from?
Date: 16th Century BC
Location: Shaft Grave V, Grave circle A, Mycenae
what si the gold pyxis made of? what images are on it? what techniques were used?
Images: lions chasing animals, heads of cattle, spirals
Techniques: repoussé, filigree
what was the purpose and significance of the gold pyxis?
Original purpose/Function: to hold cosmetics or jewelerry
Significance: shows technique in metal working
What it shows:
where is the linear B tablet showing the word ‘tripod’ in syllabic and ideogram forms (number 641) from? when is it form? what is it made of? what does it show and what is the significance?
Date: 13th Century BC
Location: Archive room, Palace of Pylos
Material: clay
Techniques:
Original purpose:
Significance: shows various syllables and ideograms, including the word for tripod
What it shows: shows ideograms for tripod and goblet, mentions wine – celebration?/meal?/ sacrifice?/ceremony?
where si the gold signet ring shwoing havest and stuff from? when is ti from? what can you see?
- gold ring, Tiryns, 15th Cent BC (3.5cmx5.7cm)
- in the top part you can see the sun, moon, wheat – connection to rituals?
- on the left you can sea a priestess or goddess seated, which shoes power.
- There is an eagle behind her – power?
- she has a foot rest
- griffins are approaching her with what seems to be offerings/libations in long necked jugs (supernatural)
- to do with harvest? Is the Goddess demeter?
- made for a wealthy person – hequetai/local wanax or priestess/priest
how did the Mycenaeans bury their peopel in cist graves?
body put in grave, decorated with jewelerry, covered with stones and soil and then there would be a potential procession or meal/sacrifice to honour dead
name 2 types of burials and graves in Mycenean age
- Tholos and cist graves. tholos tombs took up a lot of space
- smaller simpler burials like cist graves were cheaper - more accessible to more people
- shaft graves could be reused to save space
- improvement in architecture allowed the buiilding of tholos tombs
2 issues of pithos jars?
small handles make it difficult to hold, tansport and carry
no spout or neck so its hard to pour
no lid makes it hard to preserve contents
it is deep - hardfer to get contents from the bottom
how were pithos jars stored? why?
in the ground, sunken
to store itens like food for preservation
name some aspects of clothing that are typically mycenaean?
revealing, tight fitting, patterened, blouse is make of silk or wool
what does clothing say about trade
clothes and fabric indicate trade
what woudl mycenean men have worn?
a chiton, a tunic made of wool linen or silk. a loin cloth, robe, cloak, kilt, skirt, boot sandals, plain uncoloured clothing
from where did mycenaeans obtain their gold?
Egypt, Thasos, Macedonia
what was special about a cistern apart form it being underground
- it was supplied by a spring 400m away
- 18m below ground
- clay pipes in roof which were used to get water from the spring
why were cisterns underground?
to save space, used if mycenae was under seige, to keep water cool
name a technique to create a roof
corbelling
what is corbelling?
placing progressively larger blocks on top of each other in a curved manner to create an arch
name 2 types of mycenaean shields. what does the use of these shields tell us?
figue of 8 shield, tower shield
they were strong, influenced by the minoans, important to cover majority of body
why might linear b tablets help us understant what happened at the end of the mycenaean age?
- suggest violent end because safcrifices were made near the end of the age
- tablets mention rowers being sent to coasts and wathcmen + spears, arrows ships
what did Mycenaean import and what evidence to we have of this?
they had strong trade links and were in the middle of trade
- it was essential to their growth
- we have evidence form linear b tablets, uluburun shipwrecks, objects from city themselves like jewelerry
- imported via sea
- they had a bartering system (trading) so there was no evidence of money
- likely exported pottery and wine and mixinf boqwls
what were the difficultires with mycenaean trade? how did they trade?
- they immposrted and exported through the mediterranean which could be unpredictable and dangerous
- many merchant likely island hopped to drop off and pick up cargo on the wat.
they had a barteing system so no money existed
what does mycenaean textile production tell us about mycenaean society?
- suggested to be an industrial activity which was carried out in specialist work shops for export and royalties and the rest of society. in addition, it has been said thatr those who mad ethe clothes were payed in food and this shows us that Mycenaean society was an organised developed and efficient system where people had specific roles
how many ingots of copper and tin was found at uluburun?
345 ingots of copper
40 ingots of tin
what was found on the uluburun shipwreck?
copepr, tin, glass ingots
ivory, ostrich eggs, gold, pottery, egyptian jewelerry, cypriot bols, scarab (beetle) made out of gold, fayence vessels (glass work), food like figs, almonds, olives. 24 anchors
what does the uluburun shipwreck tell us?
bronze was v important
alliances w hittites and egyptians
1/2 cargo was for bronze
mycenaeans had items to tradw
what do linear b tablets show?
- kept recors
- religion of gods
- snapshot of lfie
- farming and food production
- animals and military equipment?
- class systema nd mentions jobs
which lineasr b tables talks about sacrifices to the gods? what may it also suggest?
Linear B tablet from Pylos Tn316
e.g., to Hermes Areia one gold cup, one man
To hera one gold dish, one woman
the writing was very poor- may have been done in a hurry- potential threat?
- lots of sacrifices indicate some sort of imminent danger
how do you make a fresco
- straw
- rhen rough plaster
- the a light thin layer of plaster
what is the older type of shield?
tower shield - 8 layers of lather, one of bronze
