Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a mutation

A

a permanent change in sequence of base pairs

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2
Q

what causes mutations

A
  1. mistakes which escape proof-reading function
  2. changes in the environment - toxins in food, radiation, chemical exposure
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3
Q

what are germ cells

A

reproduction, sperm or egg cells

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4
Q

what do mutations in germ cells cause

A
  1. can lead to inherited diseases
  2. mutation in a single base out of three can cause loss in protein function and decrease fitness
  3. all children of sufferer will carry mutation
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5
Q

what are somatic cells

A

all other cells in the body

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6
Q

what does somatic cell mutations cause

A
  1. this mutation gives a rise to cancer
  2. mutations accumulate in cells with age
  3. more than one gene needs to be mutated a single cell before it is cancerous
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7
Q

what are carcinogens

A

all agents cause cancer

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8
Q

what can carcinogens also cause

A

mutations. (mutagens x-rays and chemicals)

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9
Q

what are chemical carcinogens either

A
  1. direct acting- few directly attack DNA
  2. Indirect- largest group, activated in detoxification
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10
Q

what causes detoxification

A

cytochrome P-450, ENZYMES IN LIVER ADD CHEMICAL GROUPS to allow chemical breakdown

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11
Q

what is deamination

A

the loss of an amino group from cytosine and C->T change

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12
Q

what is deprivation

A

loss of base pair

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13
Q

how are thymine dimers formed

A

result from cross linking 2 adjacent thymine by UV Light

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