Diseases Flashcards
what is opportunistic infection
infections from organisms of normal microbiota
what increases the causes of diseases
- epithelium damage- burns or wounds
- foreign bodies- no shedding surfaces so bacteria can accumulate
- immune system suppression- drugs or radiation
- antibiotics
- impairment of host defence- due to exogenous infection-AIDS
WHAT IS THE HUMAN MICROBIOME
combined genomes
what do microbiota contribute to
metabolic functions, protect against pathogens and educate the immune system
what are super organisms
2 genomes- 1 from parents 1 from acquired
what genome is stable
the inherited genome
what genome is extremely dynamic
the microbiome- influenced by diet, age, hormones and illness
what is the gut microbiome
human adult microbiota live in the gut, gut microbiome accounts for over 5 million different genes, the function is to maintain health status
what diseases are related to the gut microbiome
colon cancer, heart disease, depression, obesity, eczema
what are exogenous infections
bacteria capable of inducing disease in individuals with intact specific and non-specific defence systems and isn’t part of normal human microbiota, but humans may be the natural host e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis TB
what is mycobacterial disease
a group of illnesses caused by mycobacterium species e.g MTB and NTM
MTB Complex causes TB
What is TB
Lung infection affects any part of body- bones or glands
what does TB stand for
Granulomatous Inflammatory Disease
what are some TB STATS
1/3 of world is infected and 10% will develop active TB- 5% will be a child, AIDS patient or person with risk factors(smokers). Unclear of the other 5% (genetics is suspected). Patients develop condition 5-10 years after infection
what is NTM
Ubiquitous organisms prevalent in the environment
where is NTM isolated from
hospitals and workplaces as they cause pulmonary disease like TB and skin disease. it can cause mycobacterium leprae- causes leprosy
what is MTB
a long, slender, straight or curved intracellular pathogen that is considered gram +ve
how long does it take MTB to grow
slow growing- doubles in 15-20 hours
how does MTB spread
by coughing- one sneeze can release tens of thousands of nuclei
what is the goon focus
the primary site of infection in the lungs- located in the lower part of the upper lobe and the upper part of the lower lobe
what is MDR-TB
Multi-drug resistance
what causes MDR
incomplete treatment, interrupted treatment, lack of adequate anti-TB treatment
where is MDR seen in
HIV patients, homeless, crowded environments
where is MDR seen in
baltic countries and Russia
what is gastritis
irritation/inflammation in the stomach wall
what is an ulcer
deep crater in the stomach/duodenum
what does H.Plylori cause
gastritis and ulcers.
what causes H.Plylori
bile reflux, stress, poor diet, smoking and alcohol
what are the symptoms of H.Plylori
nausea, vomiting, weights and appetite loss, indigestion, abdominal pain
what is flagella
drives bacteria forward in a propeller- like motion
how is H.Plylori transmitted
humans are the major reservoir, infection comes from animals or environment, family have the same strain and in poor countries could be due to poor hygiene and lack of sanitation
what is intestinal metaplasia
the transformation of the epithelium, usually the stomach, to a type that resembles the intestine
what is dysplasia
expansion of immature cells with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells
what is many lymphoma
B-cell cancer
occurs mainly in the stomach, but also lungs, thyroids, salivary glands, eye, skin and soft tissue. It is treated with antibiotics and is successful in regressing the lymphoma if it hasn’t progressed to high grade
