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Medical Cell Biology > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is opportunistic infection

A

infections from organisms of normal microbiota

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2
Q

what increases the causes of diseases

A
  1. epithelium damage- burns or wounds
  2. foreign bodies- no shedding surfaces so bacteria can accumulate
  3. immune system suppression- drugs or radiation
  4. antibiotics
  5. impairment of host defence- due to exogenous infection-AIDS
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3
Q

WHAT IS THE HUMAN MICROBIOME

A

combined genomes

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4
Q

what do microbiota contribute to

A

metabolic functions, protect against pathogens and educate the immune system

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5
Q

what are super organisms

A

2 genomes- 1 from parents 1 from acquired

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6
Q

what genome is stable

A

the inherited genome

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7
Q

what genome is extremely dynamic

A

the microbiome- influenced by diet, age, hormones and illness

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8
Q

what is the gut microbiome

A

human adult microbiota live in the gut, gut microbiome accounts for over 5 million different genes, the function is to maintain health status

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9
Q

what diseases are related to the gut microbiome

A

colon cancer, heart disease, depression, obesity, eczema

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10
Q

what are exogenous infections

A

bacteria capable of inducing disease in individuals with intact specific and non-specific defence systems and isn’t part of normal human microbiota, but humans may be the natural host e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis TB

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11
Q

what is mycobacterial disease

A

a group of illnesses caused by mycobacterium species e.g MTB and NTM
MTB Complex causes TB

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12
Q

What is TB

A

Lung infection affects any part of body- bones or glands

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13
Q

what does TB stand for

A

Granulomatous Inflammatory Disease

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14
Q

what are some TB STATS

A

1/3 of world is infected and 10% will develop active TB- 5% will be a child, AIDS patient or person with risk factors(smokers). Unclear of the other 5% (genetics is suspected). Patients develop condition 5-10 years after infection

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15
Q

what is NTM

A

Ubiquitous organisms prevalent in the environment

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16
Q

where is NTM isolated from

A

hospitals and workplaces as they cause pulmonary disease like TB and skin disease. it can cause mycobacterium leprae- causes leprosy

17
Q

what is MTB

A

a long, slender, straight or curved intracellular pathogen that is considered gram +ve

18
Q

how long does it take MTB to grow

A

slow growing- doubles in 15-20 hours

19
Q

how does MTB spread

A

by coughing- one sneeze can release tens of thousands of nuclei

20
Q

what is the goon focus

A

the primary site of infection in the lungs- located in the lower part of the upper lobe and the upper part of the lower lobe

21
Q

what is MDR-TB

A

Multi-drug resistance

22
Q

what causes MDR

A

incomplete treatment, interrupted treatment, lack of adequate anti-TB treatment

23
Q

where is MDR seen in

A

HIV patients, homeless, crowded environments

24
Q

where is MDR seen in

A

baltic countries and Russia

25
Q

what is gastritis

A

irritation/inflammation in the stomach wall

26
Q

what is an ulcer

A

deep crater in the stomach/duodenum

27
Q

what does H.Plylori cause

A

gastritis and ulcers.

28
Q

what causes H.Plylori

A

bile reflux, stress, poor diet, smoking and alcohol

29
Q

what are the symptoms of H.Plylori

A

nausea, vomiting, weights and appetite loss, indigestion, abdominal pain

30
Q

what is flagella

A

drives bacteria forward in a propeller- like motion

31
Q

how is H.Plylori transmitted

A

humans are the major reservoir, infection comes from animals or environment, family have the same strain and in poor countries could be due to poor hygiene and lack of sanitation

32
Q

what is intestinal metaplasia

A

the transformation of the epithelium, usually the stomach, to a type that resembles the intestine

33
Q

what is dysplasia

A

expansion of immature cells with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells

34
Q

what is many lymphoma

A

B-cell cancer
occurs mainly in the stomach, but also lungs, thyroids, salivary glands, eye, skin and soft tissue. It is treated with antibiotics and is successful in regressing the lymphoma if it hasn’t progressed to high grade

Medical Cell Biology (18 decks)

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