music unit 1 lesson 3 Flashcards
the baroque style flourished about 1600 to 1750
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two giants during the baroque period
Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel
other baroque period masters:
Viavaldi, purcell, corelli, and monteverdi
some of them got forgotten until the revival of the baroque in the 1940s and the 1950s
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it was said the bach’s death ended the baroque period
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most of the baroque period music was written according to a patron’s specifications
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it was commissioned by aristocratic courts, churches, municipalities, and opera houses, all of which also engaged musicians (baroque)
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Italian composers of the early baroque period invented the opera
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a drama sung to orchestral accompaniment
opera
composer preferred homophonic textures and contrast of sound–solo singers against a chorus and voices against an instruments (baroque)
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1680, instrumental music became as important as vocal music (baroque)
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the characteristics of baroque pieces usually follow a basic mood, piece that begins joyfully, it will remain as such thought
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the main exception to this unity of mood happens in vocal music (baroque)
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strong changes of emotion in a text may inspire corresponding changes to the music. if changes occur, there will be one mood to be maintained at some parts before it moves to another (baroque)
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melody also plays an important part in this era (baroque )
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melodic theme will be heard again and again in a baroque piece (baroque)
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many melodies sound elaborate and ornamental, and they are not easy to perform (baroque)
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it gives off a dynamic development rather than a symmetry and balance (baroque)
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in terms of expressive elements particularly dynamics, the volume tends to stay constant. if a dynamic level shifts, it is sudden( baroque)
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this alteration between loud and soft is called
terraced dynamics
subtle dynamic changes made by by singers and instrumentalists for expressive purposes
crescendo and decrescendo
crescendo and decrescendo are not prominent characteristics of baroque music
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is a gradual increase in volume
crescendo
gradual decrease in volume
decrescendo
polyphonic texture is predominant in the baroque period
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two or more melodic lines compete in the music compositions (baroque)
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usually the soprano and the bass are the most significant (baroque)
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imitation between lines or voices is very evident in the composition (baroque)
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a melodic idea or theme heard in one voices appears in the other voices as well (baroque)
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however not all baroque music was polyphonic (baroque)
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a composition might shift in texture especially in vocal where the alteration of mood in words require musical contrast (baroque)
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bach was into polyphony while handel was more into a mixture of both, a contrast between homophonc and polyphonic
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literally means big group
concerto grosso
concerto grosso literally means
big group
in the early part of the 17th century the term was used to refer to many types of music. it included vocal and instrumental music
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during the late 17th composers began lo limit the term concerto to instrumental ensemble pieces that involved the interplay of two groups within the ensemble: the soloist and the accompanying group
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during the late 17th composers began lo limit the term concerto to instrumental ensemble pieces that involved the interplay of two groups within the ensemble
the soloist and the accompanying group
is written for one solo instrument with the orchestra
solo concerto
one of the characteristics of a solo concerto is the soloist’s brilliant and technically demanding passages
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the soloist is accompanied by a larger group of musicians called the ripieno (solo concerto)
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the soloist is accompanied by a larger group of musician called
ripieno
the concerto grosso on the other hand consists of many soloists called the concertino together with the accompanying ripieno
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the concerto grosso on the other hand consists of many soloists called the
concertino
johann sebastian bach’s sic\x brendenburg concertos are well known examples of the baroque concerto grosso
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in the opening part of the Brandenburg concerto no.4 the solo group of violin and two flutes are prominent at the beginning and are then joined by the ripieno strings
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Antonio vivaldi’s Four Seasons is a well known example of baroque solo violin concerto
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the instrumentation of the concerto grosso may differ based on the composer’s prepared instruments for his or her works
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instrumentation was most often for the string instruments
instrumentation was most often for the string instruments
instrumentation was most often for the string instruments instrumentation was most often for the string instruments
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there are also compositions for wind instruments (concerto grosso)
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the concerto grosso consists of many movements that contrast in tempo and character
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there are three movements in a concerto
fast slow and fast
is usually energetic and determined displaying the contrasts between the soloist and the tutti
first movement or fast
is quieter than the first usually intimate and romantic
second movement or slow
dynamic and lively sometimes dance like
third movement or fast
the first and last movements of the concerto grosso are frequently in the ritornello forms
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the tutti begins with a theme called
ritornello or refrain
the theme is always played by the tutti and returns in different keys in fragments or not complete throughout the movement (concerto)
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when approaching the end part the whole ritornello returns to the home key
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the barque period evolved into a performing group based on the instruments of the violin section
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the orchestra was small consisting of only 30 players(baroque)
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the composition of the orchestra was flexible and can vary from piece to piece (baroque)
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woodwind in orchestra(baroque)
recorders flutes and oboes
brass in orchestra (baroque)
trumpets horns trombones
percussion instruments in orchestra (baroque)
timpani
the number of woodwind and brass players varies according to the needs of the composition (baroque)
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the trumpet had no valves but was given quick difficult melodic lines to be performed in a high register because of this difficulty in playing the trumpet player was the star of the baroque orchestra
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the choice of instruments to be used i the orchestra was given big consideration by bach, handell, Vivaldi and other composers
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they considered the tone colors produced by a specific instrument suited for their music (baroque)
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bach was a expert in improvisation, or on the spot music composition
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musicians applied ornamentations, trills and cadenzas (baroque orchestra)
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an extended solo passage near the end of the piece allowing a performer to show off his r her technical and improvisatory skills
candenzas
one of the highlights of baroque music
fugue
fugue comes from latin word
fugere
fugue come from latin word fugere which literally means
to flee
fugue is a contarpuntal piece that can be used for voices, group of instruments, or single keyboard instrument like hapsichord or organ
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the fugue is polyphonic in texture based on the primary theme called a subject
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the fugue is polyphonic in texture based on the primary theme called
subject
different melodic lines either voices or instruments imitate the subject throughout the fugue
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the texture of the fugue consists of 3 4 5 voices
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the fugue begins with the subject that is presented a capella or unaccompanied voice. it gives an idea to the listener that this subject or theme will be heard ,may times in the composition but may be repeated in fragments only . after the subject is presented it will be imitated in turn by all the remaining voices usually alternating between tonic and dominant
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unaccompanied voice
a Capella
the fugue composition may begin the imitative counterpoint with any voice classification
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is the composition for keyboard instruments
toccata
toccata is usually virtuostic involving fast or difficult playing by the performer
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consists of two or more melodies played at the same time that establish a harmonic relationship
counterpoint
was the name given by Bach to pieces of small dimensions written in rather loose fugal imitation
invention
various freestyles and forms called
preludes
various freestyle and forms called preludes were combined with a contrasting strict fugue
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this is known as the invention and prelude form, the invention which is the name given by bach to small dimension of loose fugal imitation and preludes which are freestyles
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came after the name of a church room called the oratory where prayers were offered
oratorio
oratorio came form the word
oratory
paved the way for the first oratorio
Father Philip Romolo Neri (1515-1595)
in one of the churches in rome father romolo paved the way for the first oratorio
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Father romolo was in charge of the children and youth of the parish when he organized little musical plays with choruses and solos for boy’s vices. he divided the musical plays into two acts and gave the sermon in between the acts. he brought the people to his service on the schedule and at the same time provided moral training for the boys
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is derived from the Italian word cantare meaning to sing
cantata
cantata came from the Italian word
cantare
cantata—cantare means
to sing
cantata is similar to the oratorio except that it is short lyrical form dealing with a secular or sacred theme
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oftentimes, cantata is written for small number of performers
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cantata is to the oratorio as the operetta is to the opera in terms of seriousness and length of the subject
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the primary keyboard instruments of the baroque period were the organ and the hapsichord; both were appreciated for the playing of the accompaniment to vocal polyphonic music and the various forms of baroque instrumental music
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chords became important during the baroque period
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this interest in chords gave new significance to the bass part, which served as the foundation of the harmony.the entire musical structure rested on the bass part. this new emphasis on the chords and the bass that gave new characteristic feature in this period called basso continuo or figured bass
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the new emphasis on chords and bass part that gave new characteristic feature in the baroque period
figured bass or basso continuo
it is an accompaniment played by at least two instruments; organ or a harpsichord and a low melodic instrument like the bassoon or the cello
figured bass or basso continuo
figured bass or basso continuo is an accompaniment played by at least two instruments;
organ or a harpsichord or a low melodic instrument like the bassoon or the cello
the organist or the harpsichordist realizes the harmony while the cellist or the bassoonist plays the the moving bass notes. the keyboardist uses the right hand for improvisation of chords or even the melodic lines (baroque)
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was heir to the polyphonic art of the past. he is the culminating figure of baroque music and one of the titans in the history of western music
Johann Sebastian Bach
where was Bach born
Eisenach, Germany (1685-1750)
bach came from a family of musicians that supplied musicians to the church and town bands of the region in the century half.
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as with many things in bach’s life family was everything.
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musicians in bach’s family included;
court musicians, teachers composers and church organists something that young johann would grow himself into
was a German born composer. studied works of Italian opera composers and eventually applied some of their styles on his own. he lived and studied in Italy to learn this style. he became knowledgeable int he operatic style and achieved great success. he moved to London where he became a British citizen and stayed there for the rest of his life
geroge frideric Handel ( .. ) (1685-1759)
( a )
Handel did not only write about the operabut also created oratorios and performed them in concert halls
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Handel wrote his oratorios in English which made it accessible to an english speaking audience
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handel’s worlds famous “Hallelujah Chorus” from his oratorio Messiah
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the piece hallelujah chorus cam from the the oratorio
messiah
sacred themes are an oratorios main subject matter. it is not written to be performed during any church services. as in the opera it is showcase the singers virtuosity and skills. it was intended as an alternative entertainment to the growing opera audience during the Lenten season where productions were suspended
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is staged acted and performed in theater
opera
is also a dramatic way of telling a story but it is sung
oratorio
did you know that when people hear the hallelujah chorus people start standing up this actually originated with king George II he was so moved by the performance that stood up
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was a virtuoso violinist, prolific composer and teacher as evidenced by the level of competence attained by his pupils. a Venetian all his life, travelling but always returning, vivaldi epitomizes the italian baroque music like no other composer.
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
known as the “red priest”
Antonio Vivaldi
antonio vivaldi was known as red priest because of his red hair
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Vivaldi’s music became widely known and performed in Europe, in a large part due to his publications with the Estienne Roger of Amsterdam, whose distribution was well organized. he had for example a distributor in Leipzig with whom Bach was a regular contact
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Vivaldi became widely known mostly because of his publications in
Estienne Roger of Amsterdam
Bach indeed adapted a number of vivaldi’s works for a hapsichord and as conertos for harpsichords and strings. he also included several of vivaldis work during the popular musical evenings that he organized in Leipzig
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Today vivladi’s is perhaps best known for the Four seasons
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vivaldi’s music was very popular during most of is lifetime but many were forgotten when he died. it was only rediscoverd when researchers found Bach was one of his fans. BAch admired his works very much
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vivaldi wrote all the types of music but it was his concertos that he was most remembered for
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one of vivaldi’s famous concerti is The four seasons
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the four seasons is very much familiar to the people because it is widely used in televisions
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