Musculoskeletal System in DR

Question 1

what are the different classifications of bone? (5)

Answer 1

long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular

Question 2

what bones make up the axial skeleton? (8)

Answer 2

cranium/skull, cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum

Question 3

what bones make up the appendicular skeleton? (15)

Answer 3

scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges in each upper limb, hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges in each lower limb

Question 4

what is the nutrient foramen?

Answer 4

the channel in which arteries and veins will pass in order to supply the medullary cavity of the bone

Question 5

what are the different classifications of joints? (3)

Answer 5

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 6

what are fibrous joints?

Answer 6

bones are united with fibrous tissue and movement is very restricted

Question 7

give 3 examples of a fibrous joints…

Answer 7

cranium (skull) - suture joints, teeth - dentoalveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis), between the radius and ulna there is an interosseous membrane connecting the bone - syndesmosis

Question 8

what are cartilaginous joints united with?

Answer 8

fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

Question 9

when does primary cartilaginous joints occur?

Answer 9

during development when 2 centres of ossification unite

Question 10

what are secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

strong, slightly moveable and the bones unite with fibrocartilage

Question 11

give examples of cartilaginous joints… (3)

Answer 11

intervertebral discs, manubriosternal joint (on sternum), symphysis pubis

Question 12

where do cartilaginous joints occur?

Answer 12

midline

Question 13

what are synovial joints united by?

Answer 13

a fibrous layer of tissue lined by serous synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid and together these make up the capsule

Question 14

what are the articular surfaces of the bones of synovial joints covered in?

Answer 14

articular hyaline cartilage

Question 15

what reinforces synovial joints?

Answer 15

ligaments - intrinsic or extrinsic

Question 16

what types of synovial joints are there? (6)

Answer 16

plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket, pivotal

Question 17

what 3 factors that influence the stability of a joint?

Answer 17

shape of the bones involved, arrangement and tone of surrounding muscl, presence and position of ligaments

Question 18

at a young age, how many pieces is the pelvis split into?

Answer 18

3

Question 19

what are the 3 pieces of pelvis that fuse together?

Answer 19

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 20

the sacrum until the age of what is in how many vertebrae until they fuse?

Answer 20

5 vertebrae until the age of 25

Question 21

what is the difference between an adult and a child’s x ray?

Answer 21

in a child, the epiphyseal plates have not fused or may have fused but the epiphyseal lines are still visible

Question 22

what are the different classifications of muscle?

Answer 22

flat, pennate (uni, bi, multipennate), fusiform, convergent, quadrate, circular, multiheaded (multibellied)

Question 23

what are the tendons that are formed as flat sheets called?

Answer 23

aponeurosis

Question 24

what are the different movements? (7)

Answer 24

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction