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Week 3 > Heart and Circulation > Flashcards

Heart and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

what does the heart do?

A

acts as the pump that generates blood flow around the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

what is the atrial system?

A

the conductance vessels that carry blood around the body

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3
Q

what is microcirculation?

A

where transfer of nutrients, waste and water occur

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4
Q

what is the venous system?

A

the capacity vessels that store and return blood to the heart

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5
Q

what are the 2 systems and what sides of the heart are they carried out in?

A

systemic (to body) - left and pulmonary (to lungs) - right

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6
Q

what valve separates the right atrium and ventricle?

A

the tricuspid valve

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7
Q

what valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary valve

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8
Q

what valve separates the left atrium and ventricle?

A

mitral valve

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9
Q

what valve separates the left ventricle and aorta?

A

aortic valve

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10
Q

what does the circulatory pathway require? (7)

A

heart, elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles, capillary beds, venules and veins, blood and blood pressure

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11
Q

what do the elastic arteries do in the pathway?

A

act as a series of conducting pipes

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12
Q

what do the muscular arteries and arterioles do in the pathway?

A

act as smaller distributing pipes with ‘controls’

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13
Q

what do capillary beds do in the pathway?

A

heat exchange

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14
Q

what do the venules and veins do in the pathway?

A

act as a system of return pipes that increase in diameter that go back to the heart

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15
Q

what needs to be the correct volume in order to keep the pathway going?

A

blood

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16
Q

what does the pathway need in order to keep working?

A

pressure

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17
Q

where does the heart lie?

A

centrally in the chest, between the lungs and pleura, in the middle mediastinum

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18
Q

what is the heart surrounded in?

A

the pericardial sac of fibrous tissue

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19
Q

what is the pericardial sac lined in?

A

serous, slippery membrane secreting miniscule amounts of lubricating fluid

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20
Q

what do the 4 chambers of the heart have to do?

A

contract in synchrony as a single unit to pump the blood

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21
Q

what must the heart contain but still be able to do?

A

contain muscle but also transmit waves of conduction/contraction

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22
Q

what must the heart be able to do in terms of beating?

A

beat continually but at variable rates

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23
Q

what ensures blood flows in only 1 direction?

A

valves

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24
Q

what ensures blood does not coagulate within the heart?

A

heart, vessels and capillaries are lined with endothelium to stop coagulation

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25
Q

why must the heart lie in a lubricated potential space?

A

to allow expansion and contraction

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26
Q

what is an auricle?

A

an ear-like flap that is an extension of the atria

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27
Q

what chamber is not visible from the front?

A

the left atrium

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28
Q

where is the base of the heart?

A

at the posterior side of the heart closest to the spine

29
Q

what is the anterior surface of the heart?

A

sternocostal surface

30
Q

what is the inferior surface of the heart?

A

diaphragmatic surface

31
Q

what chambers make up the inferior and diaphragmatic surfaces?

A

mainly the left ventricle but also part of the right ventricle

32
Q

what chambers form the base of the heart lying posteriorly?

A

left atrium

33
Q

how does de-oxygenated blood return from the body?

A

via veins into the right atrium

34
Q

where does blood go when it has passed into the right atrium?

A

into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

35
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

the pulmonary trunk where it divides into left and right pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated

36
Q

where does oxygenated blood go?

A

into the left and right, superior and inferior pulmonary veins to the left atrium

37
Q

where does blood from the left atrium go?

A

through the mitral valve to the left ventricle

38
Q

where does blood from the left ventricle go?

A

into the aorta which sends blood around the body

39
Q

describe the pathway of normal blood flow starting with the right atrium… (15)

A

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae…

40
Q

where are the 3 passages in which blood can enter the right atrium?

A

superior and inferior vena cavae, coronary sinus

41
Q

where does blood exit the right atrium to get to the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

42
Q

what is the embryonic foramen ovale?

A

an opening from the right to left atrium that allowed oxygenated blood coming from the mother to bypass the non-functioning foetal lungs

43
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

the site at which the foramen ovale would have been in the foetus

44
Q

what kind of blood enters the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus?

A

de-oxygenated

45
Q

where are the 4 passages in which blood can enter the left atrium?

A

left and right, superior and inferior pulmonary veins

46
Q

what are 4 internal features of the left ventricle?

A

muscular ridges, aortic valve, mitral valve, papillary muscle

47
Q

why are there muscular ridges?

A

large muscle surface area for contraction

48
Q

what does the papillary muscle do?

A

sends tendinous cords to the edges of the valve cusps

49
Q

how are the tricuspid and mitral valves opened and closed?

A

by the pressure of blood

50
Q

what does LAB RAT stand for?

A

left atrium bicuspid, right atrium tricuspid

51
Q

what do the papillary muscles and tendinous cords prevent?

A

cusp eversion into the atrium during ventricular contraction

52
Q

why does the wall of each ventricle become smoother near its outflow?

A

to create laminar blood flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

53
Q

what are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds heard during a stethoscope?

A

1st-contraction, 2nd-valves closing

54
Q

what kind of cusps do the pulmonary and aortic valves have?

A

semi-lunar ‘watch pocket’ cusps

55
Q

what is systole?

A

when the ventricles contract

56
Q

during systole, what happens when blood passes through the valve?

A

the cusps are forced against the vessel wall

57
Q

what is diastole?

A

when the ventricles relax

58
Q

during diastole, what happens to the cusps?

A

there is elastic recoil in the pulmonary trunk and aorta which forces blood between the cusps and vessel wall forcing the cusps to meet in the centre of each vessel

59
Q

where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?

A

the aortic sinuses just above the valve cusps

60
Q

what veins drain directly into the right atrium?

A

anterior cardiac veins

61
Q

where do the veins of the heart converge and where do they enter?

A

converge on the coronary sinus and enter into the right atrium

62
Q

what does the sino-atrial node do?

A

passes a wave of conduction (and contraction) through the atria to the atrio-ventricular node

63
Q

what is the bundle of his?

A

the only route by which conduction may pass from the atrio-ventricular node, continues into the left and right bundle branches that spread the conduction through each ventricle

64
Q

what does the system involving the SA, AV nodes and bundle of his ensure?

A

synchronous contraction, in the correct sequence, toward the outflow of each chamber

65
Q

where is blood oxygenated?

A

lungs

66
Q

where is blood volume regulated?

A

kidneys

67
Q

integration of the cardiovascular system… (4)

A

bulk flow of materials (gases, nutrients, hormones, waste), temperature regulation, homeostasis, host defence

68
Q

what is angina?

A

pain occurring when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted

Week 3 (9 decks)

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