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Week 3 > Blood Cells > Flashcards

Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

where do stem cells differentiate into different types of blood cell?

A

the bone marrow

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2
Q

blood cells… (2)

A

are not attached to each other and circulate and migrate

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3
Q

what kind of blood disorders are there? (2)

A

leukaemia and anaemia

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4
Q

what disorders can cause changes in the blood? (2)

A

iron deficiency anaemia and malignancy eg carcinoma of colon

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5
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

white blood cells

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6
Q

what is PVC and what does it do?

A

packed cell volume where the thickness of the packed red cells indicates how many cells are present

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7
Q

after centrifugation what layers in the blood can be seen? (3)

A

yellow plasma on top, white cells and platelets in the middle making up the buffy coat and packed red cells at the bottom

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8
Q

what is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocyte

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9
Q

what are newly formed erythrocytes called?

A

reticulocytes

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10
Q

what do reticulocytes retain?

A

a small amount of RNA which can be stained

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11
Q

how can reticulocytes be identified?

A

staining using cresyl violet and methylene blue which shows up the RNA retained in them

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12
Q

what is the life span of a erythrocyte?

A

120 days roughly

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13
Q

in what form are red blood cells released from the bone marrow?

A

as reticulocytes

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14
Q

how long after being released from the bone marrow will an erythrocyte be fully formed?

A

around 24 hours

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15
Q

how does the short life span of the reticulocytes help give information on bone marrow activity?

A

the percentage of reticulocytes in the blood at one time can show if production of red blood cells is normal as reticulocytes should normally take up 0.5%-1% of the blood sample

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16
Q

what does increased reticulocyte count indicate?

A

erythrocyte production has increased

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17
Q

what does the graph showing the response to treatment in a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency look like?

A

in the first week there is an increased production of reticulocytes by bone marrow showing an immediate and rapid peak on the graph then much more slowly as the reticulocytes mature to erythrocytes the haemoglobin and red blood cell count also rises over many days

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18
Q

how is blood spread on a slide?

A

from a dot on one side, spread across with an edge so the sample is thicker at one end and the perfect width in the middle

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19
Q

what is a leucocyte?

A

a white blood cell

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20
Q

what are the 3 kinds of leucocytes?

A

granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

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21
Q

what 3 leucocytes can granulocytes be divided into?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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22
Q

what is the normal haemoglobin content in a male and female?

A

m-130-180m/L

f-115-160m/L

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23
Q

how do you identify a neutrophil?

A

segmented, multi-lobed nucleus which stains dark

24
Q

how do you identify a eosinophil?

A

segmented nucleus + granules in cytoplasm which sometimes stains an orange colour

25
Q

how do you identify a basophil?

A

rare cells, packed full of solid dark staining granules

26
Q

how do you identify a lymphocyte?

A

quite small, looks mostly nucleus and not much cytoplasm

27
Q

how do you identify a monocyte?

A

bigger cell with a larger nucleus

28
Q

what is another name for neutrophils?

A

polymorphs

29
Q

what leucocyte is first at the site of infection?

A

neutrophils

30
Q

what can neutrophils do to gain access to the site of infection?

A

bind to the membrane of the cell releasing inflammatory mediators which express receptors and stick to it and finds a gap in the wall to squeeze through

31
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

32
Q

what can neutrophils do?

A

engulf bacteria and they can engulf very large pieces of debris as they are highly phagocytic

33
Q

when does mortality rate increase?

A

when the infection moves into the blood

34
Q

what does the chemicals produced from the bacteria do?

A

induces chemotaxis of neutrophils which confines pathogen to the local site

35
Q

what do the granules in eosinophil contain?

A

active agents that can kill other cells

36
Q

where is major basic protein found?

A

in eosinophils

37
Q

what are basophil cells packed with?

A

active granules

38
Q

what are mast cells and what do they do?

A

cells filled with basophil granules that release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions

39
Q

what inhibits coagulation?

A

heparin

40
Q

what is histamine?

A

released in response to injury or allergy and causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

41
Q

describe the release of vasoactive amines by mast cells or basophils…

A

Fc receptors on mast cell or basophil bind to IgE antibody and when it meets the allergen, this triggers the release of **active substances

42
Q

asthma accounts for…

A

1/3 USA paediatric emergencies and 2000 deaths in the UK per year

43
Q

what causes asthma?

A

damage to the epithelial lining and cells that are important for respiratory function are being lost

44
Q

what is ECF-A?

A

a eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis

45
Q

what is SRS-A?

A

a slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis

46
Q

what is a monocyte?

A

a macrophage that is larger than other cells with no granules

47
Q

what is an M1 macrophage?

A

partakes in destructive processes

48
Q

what is an M2 macrophage?

A

for repairing and pro-resolution

49
Q

what does a monocyte do?

A

supplies phagocytes to many tissue sites

50
Q

what are the 2 kinds of macrophages?

A

free migrating and fixed tissue macrophages

51
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

circulating around and memorise antibodies so when re-infected, the reaction to the infection is much quicker

52
Q

what happens to a lymphocyte when immune response is triggered eg is exposed to mitogens in vitro?

A

it gets bigger and its cytoplasm gets bigger

53
Q

what is the name for the lymphocyte increasing in size in response to a trigger and what does it do?

A

lymphoblast and it proliferates

54
Q

when the white blood cells from 2 different people are mixed…

A

they recognise each other as foreign and fight against one another

55
Q

plasma cells (humoral response) are what type of cells?

A

B cells - antibody producing cells

56
Q

cytotoxic killer cells (cell-mediated response) are what type of cells?

A

T cells - kill cells in a very specific way

57
Q

white blood cells mixed by 2 individuals is called…

A

echo ***

Week 3 (9 decks)

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