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Emergency Medical Technology > Musculoskeletal System & Emergencies > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System & Emergencies Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Gives body shape
  • Protects internal organs
  • Provides for movement
  • Consists of more than 600 muscles
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2
Q

What is the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Muscles: provide movement & generate heat
  • Ligaments: connect bone to bone
  • *injury = sprain**
  • Tendons: connect bone to muscle
  • *injury strain**
  • Bones: protect & shape
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3
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Gives form to the body
  2. Protects vital organs
  3. Consist of 206 bones
  4. Acts as a framework for attatchment of muscles
  5. Designed to permit motion of the body
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4
Q

Identify these bones of the skull:

Nasal bone, Ethmoid bone, Vomer, Maxillae, Parietal bone, Frontal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone, Lacrimal bone, Zygomatic bone, Middle/Inferior nasal concha, Mandible, Maxilla, Palatine, Sphenoid bone, Vomer, Occipital bone.

A
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5
Q

Identify these muscles of the neck: Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Cricothyroid membrane, Trachea, Carotid arteries, Sternocleido-mastoid muscle

A
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6
Q

Identify these sections of the spinal colulmn and include how many vertebrae are in each: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx.

A
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7
Q

Identify these bones of the thorax: Jugular nothc, Angle of Lois, Sternum, Xiphoid process, Anterior ribs, Costal arch, Posterior Ribs, Scapula. C7, Clavicle.

A
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8
Q

Identify the vessels and Bones of the pelvis: Femoral vein, Descending aorta, Femoral artery, Inferior vena cava, Sacrum, Lliac crest, Pubis, Ischial tuberosity, Llium, Pubic symphysis.

A
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9
Q

Identify these bones of the lower extremity: Pelvis, leg, tibia, foot, thigh, phalanges, patella, femur, tarsals, hip, metatarsals, ankle.

A
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10
Q

Know the Shoulder girdle, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand of the upper extremity.

A
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11
Q

What are the types of muscle? Which type is voluntary and involuntary?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle: attatches to the bones of the body
    - voluntary
  2. Smooth muscle: carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body
    - involuntary
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12
Q

What are the types of injuries of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Sprain
  • Strain
  • Dislocation
  • Closed fracture
  • Open fracture
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13
Q

What are sprains and strains?

A
  1. Sprain: joint injury with tearing of ligament
  2. Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle
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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of sprains and strains? What is the treatment?

A
  1. -Pain
    -Edema & Ecchymosis
    (small hemorrhagic spot in the skin or a mucous membran)
    -Joint instability
  2. Immobilize, ice & elevate
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15
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

A disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact and the supporting ligaments are torn

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16
Q

What are the S/S of dislocation? Treatment?

A
  1. -Marked deformity
    - Edema
    - Pain
    - Tenderness    on palpation
    * *-Complete loss of joint function
    - Distal numbness**
  2. Immobilize, ice, & elevate
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17
Q

What are the types of fractures? How is each different?

A
  1. Closed fracture
    - does not break skin
  2. Open fracture
    - external wound
  3. Nondisplaced fracture
    - simple crack
  4. Displaced fracture
    - deformity
18
Q

What is the S/S and treatment for a closed fracture?

A
  1. S/S:
    * *-pain
    - edema
    - possible deformity
    - contusion
    - loss of motion
    - false motion
    - crepitus
    - guarding**
  2. Treatment:
    * *-immobilize
    - ice
    - elevate**
19
Q

What are the S/S and treatment for an open fracture?

A
  1. S/S:
    * *-pain
    - deformity
    - break in skin/exposed bone**
  2. _Treatment: _
    * *-dressing
    - immobilize
    - ice
    - elevate**
20
Q

What is the old terminology for fractures?

A

Simple and compound

21
Q

What are other types of fractures?

A
  • Green stick
  • Spiral
  • Transverse
  • Comminuted
  • Pathologic
  • Epiphyseal
22
Q

What are some complications of fractures?

A
  1. Blood vessel & nerve damage
  2. Fat embolus
  3. Disability or deformity
23
Q

What is internal bleeding? How much blood can be bled internally per: femur, pelvis, tibia?

A
  1. Bleeding from bone fractures, they have their own blood supply
  2. -Femur: 1 liter
    - Pelvis: 1 liter
    - Tibia: 500 cc
24
Q

What are some other fracture considerations?

A
  • What is beneath fracture site
  • Open fracture
  • Joint involved
25
Q

What are some other types of fractures?

A
  • Angulation or angulated extremity
  • Depressed skull fracture
  • Basilar skull fracture
  • Flail chest
26
Q

What are the types of hip injuries?

A
  1. Hip fracture: classic presentation
    -shortened, externally rotated
  2. Hip dislocation: classic presentation
    -usually flexed and internlly rotated

*requires significant force*

27
Q

What is the treatment for a hip injury?

A
  • Draw sheet method
  • Make no attempt to straighten leg
  • Support with rolled blankets
  • Prevent hip movement
28
Q

How do you asses the injury of extremities?

A
  • PMSC
  • Pulse, movement, sensation, capillary refill
  • Cold, blue, pulseless extremity has circulation problem
29
Q

Why do we splint?

A
  • Relieve pain
  • Reduce tissue/vessel damage during movement
30
Q

What are the types of splints?

A
  1. Self splinting
  2. Pillows, blankets, & items of clothing
  3. Sling & swath
  4. Rigid
    * -cardboard, plastic, ladder*
  5. Air or vaccum
  6. Traction
31
Q

When would you use a traction splint?

A

For a closed, mid shaft femur fracture without hip, knee or ankle injury

32
Q

What are the general rules for splinting?
*Part 1*

A
  • Remove clothing
  • PMSC
  • Dress all wounds
  • Do not move the patient before splinting
  • Immobilize the joints
  • When in doubt, splint
33
Q

What are the general rules for splinting?
*Part 2*

A
  • Pad rigid splints
  • Maintain manual immobilization
  • Realign angulations PRN
  • Reassess PMSC
  • Immobilize all suspected spinal injuries in neutral line position
  • pain, resistance, crepitus
34
Q

When should you realign a joint? When should you not?

A
  1. Only realign pulseless, longbone fractures
  2. Never realign a joint or an injury with good distal function
35
Q

What shoul you document and check in regards to splinting?

A
  • Always check distal function before and after splinting
  • Document what you find
36
Q

What are the hazards of improper splinting?

A
  • Further damage
  • Delay in transport
  • Reduction of distal circulation
  • Aggravation of the injury
  • Injury to the tissue, nerves, blood vessels, or muscle
37
Q

What is an important note about fractures?

A

No matter how bad a fracture is, ABC’s are a priority!

38
Q

Identify these parts of the foot: achilles tendon, talus, navicular, phalanges, calcaneus, metatarsal, medical/lateral/intermediate cuneiform

*book*

A
39
Q

WHat is: symphysis, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, balll and socket joint, hinge joint

A
  1. Symphysis: bone ends are held together by fibrous tissue
  2. Joint capsule: a fibrous sac that holds together bone ends of a joint
  3. Synovial membrane: inner lining of the joint capsule. Creates synovial fluid
  4. Synovial fluid: _a thick lubricant that allows the ends of the bines to glide over eachother _
  5. Ball and socket joint: allows rotation and bending
    - shoulder
  6. Hinge joint: motion restricted to one plane
    - finger, elbow, knees
40
Q
A

Emergency Medical Technology (22 decks)

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