Musculoskeletal System & Emergencies Flashcards
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
- Gives body shape
- Protects internal organs
- Provides for movement
- Consists of more than 600 muscles
What is the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system?
- Muscles: provide movement & generate heat
- Ligaments: connect bone to bone
- *injury = sprain**
- Tendons: connect bone to muscle
- *injury strain**
- Bones: protect & shape
What is the function of the skeletal system?
- Gives form to the body
- Protects vital organs
- Consist of 206 bones
- Acts as a framework for attatchment of muscles
- Designed to permit motion of the body
Identify these bones of the skull:
Nasal bone, Ethmoid bone, Vomer, Maxillae, Parietal bone, Frontal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone, Lacrimal bone, Zygomatic bone, Middle/Inferior nasal concha, Mandible, Maxilla, Palatine, Sphenoid bone, Vomer, Occipital bone.
Identify these muscles of the neck: Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Cricothyroid membrane, Trachea, Carotid arteries, Sternocleido-mastoid muscle
Identify these sections of the spinal colulmn and include how many vertebrae are in each: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx.
Identify these bones of the thorax: Jugular nothc, Angle of Lois, Sternum, Xiphoid process, Anterior ribs, Costal arch, Posterior Ribs, Scapula. C7, Clavicle.
Identify the vessels and Bones of the pelvis: Femoral vein, Descending aorta, Femoral artery, Inferior vena cava, Sacrum, Lliac crest, Pubis, Ischial tuberosity, Llium, Pubic symphysis.
Identify these bones of the lower extremity: Pelvis, leg, tibia, foot, thigh, phalanges, patella, femur, tarsals, hip, metatarsals, ankle.
Know the Shoulder girdle, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand of the upper extremity.
What are the types of muscle? Which type is voluntary and involuntary?
-
Skeletal muscle: attatches to the bones of the body
- voluntary -
Smooth muscle: carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body
- involuntary
What are the types of injuries of the musculoskeletal system?
- Sprain
- Strain
- Dislocation
- Closed fracture
- Open fracture
What are sprains and strains?
- Sprain: joint injury with tearing of ligament
- Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle
What are the signs and symptoms of sprains and strains? What is the treatment?
- -Pain
-Edema & Ecchymosis
(small hemorrhagic spot in the skin or a mucous membran)
-Joint instability - Immobilize, ice & elevate
What is a dislocation?
A disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact and the supporting ligaments are torn
What are the S/S of dislocation? Treatment?
-
-Marked deformity
- Edema
- Pain
- Tendernesson palpation
* *-Complete loss of joint function
- Distal numbness** - Immobilize, ice, & elevate
What are the types of fractures? How is each different?
-
Closed fracture
- does not break skin -
Open fracture
- external wound -
Nondisplaced fracture
- simple crack -
Displaced fracture
- deformity
What is the S/S and treatment for a closed fracture?
-
S/S:
* *-pain
- edema
- possible deformity
- contusion
- loss of motion
- false motion
- crepitus
- guarding** -
Treatment:
* *-immobilize
- ice
- elevate**
What are the S/S and treatment for an open fracture?
-
S/S:
* *-pain
- deformity
- break in skin/exposed bone** - _Treatment: _
* *-dressing
- immobilize
- ice
- elevate**
What is the old terminology for fractures?
Simple and compound
What are other types of fractures?
- Green stick
- Spiral
- Transverse
- Comminuted
- Pathologic
- Epiphyseal
What are some complications of fractures?
- Blood vessel & nerve damage
- Fat embolus
- Disability or deformity
What is internal bleeding? How much blood can be bled internally per: femur, pelvis, tibia?
- Bleeding from bone fractures, they have their own blood supply
- -Femur: 1 liter
- Pelvis: 1 liter
- Tibia: 500 cc
What are some other fracture considerations?
- What is beneath fracture site
- Open fracture
- Joint involved
What are some other types of fractures?
- Angulation or angulated extremity
- Depressed skull fracture
- Basilar skull fracture
- Flail chest
What are the types of hip injuries?
-
Hip fracture: classic presentation
-shortened, externally rotated -
Hip dislocation: classic presentation
-usually flexed and internlly rotated
*requires significant force*
What is the treatment for a hip injury?
- Draw sheet method
- Make no attempt to straighten leg
- Support with rolled blankets
- Prevent hip movement
How do you asses the injury of extremities?
- PMSC
- Pulse, movement, sensation, capillary refill
- Cold, blue, pulseless extremity has circulation problem
Why do we splint?
- Relieve pain
- Reduce tissue/vessel damage during movement
What are the types of splints?
- Self splinting
- Pillows, blankets, & items of clothing
- Sling & swath
-
Rigid
* -cardboard, plastic, ladder* - Air or vaccum
- Traction
When would you use a traction splint?
For a closed, mid shaft femur fracture without hip, knee or ankle injury
What are the general rules for splinting?
*Part 1*
- Remove clothing
- PMSC
- Dress all wounds
- Do not move the patient before splinting
- Immobilize the joints
- When in doubt, splint
What are the general rules for splinting?
*Part 2*
- Pad rigid splints
- Maintain manual immobilization
- Realign angulations PRN
- Reassess PMSC
- Immobilize all suspected spinal injuries in neutral line position
- pain, resistance, crepitus
When should you realign a joint? When should you not?
- Only realign pulseless, longbone fractures
- Never realign a joint or an injury with good distal function
What shoul you document and check in regards to splinting?
- Always check distal function before and after splinting
- Document what you find
What are the hazards of improper splinting?
- Further damage
- Delay in transport
- Reduction of distal circulation
- Aggravation of the injury
- Injury to the tissue, nerves, blood vessels, or muscle
What is an important note about fractures?
No matter how bad a fracture is, ABC’s are a priority!
Identify these parts of the foot: achilles tendon, talus, navicular, phalanges, calcaneus, metatarsal, medical/lateral/intermediate cuneiform
*book*
WHat is: symphysis, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, balll and socket joint, hinge joint
- Symphysis: bone ends are held together by fibrous tissue
- Joint capsule: a fibrous sac that holds together bone ends of a joint
- Synovial membrane: inner lining of the joint capsule. Creates synovial fluid
- Synovial fluid: _a thick lubricant that allows the ends of the bines to glide over eachother _
-
Ball and socket joint: allows rotation and bending
- shoulder -
Hinge joint: motion restricted to one plane
- finger, elbow, knees
