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Emergency Medical Technology > Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Trauma > Flashcards

Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Trauma Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a sudden onset of abdominal pain indicate?

A

Indicates peritoneal irritation

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2
Q

What is the anatomy of the abdomen? What are the quadrants?

A
  • The abdomen is the second major body cavity
  • It contains major organs of digestion and excretion
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3
Q

What are the descriptions of abdominal pain?

A
  • Local
  • General or diffuse
  • Referred
  • Colic
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4
Q

What is associated with Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding?

A
  • Pain
  • “heartburn”
  • Signs of shock
  • Bright red rectal bleeding
    Melena
  • Coffee ground emesis
  • Bright red emesis
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5
Q

What does bright red rectal bleeding indicate?

A
  • Indicates bleed close to anus
  • Minor bleeding usually hemorrhoid
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6
Q

What is Melena? WHere is it occur? What can it indicate? What does melena signify?

A
  1. Dark tar like stools
  2. Occurs: lower GI bleed
  3. Can be the only indication of GI bleed
  4. Can represent significant blood loss
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7
Q

What is coffee ground emesis? What is a characteristic of it? Where does it occur?

A
  1. Partially digested blood
  2. Usually chronic
  3. Occurs in stomach or duodenum
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8
Q

What casues bright red emesis? What can cause it? Is it serious?

A
  1. Bleeding of upper GI above the stomach
  2. Esophageal varices can cause it (enlarged veins)
  3. Can be severe
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9
Q

What are hemorrhoids? What is associated with it?

A
  1. Enlarged blood vessels near the anus
  2. a. **rectal pain **
    b. bleeding
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10
Q

What is an ulcer? WHat is a symptom? What is a sign?

A
  1. Erosion of the stomach or intestinal lining
  2. Epigastric or abdominal pain
  3. Hematemsis: blood in emesis
    * -bright red or coffee ground*
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11
Q

What is a hernia? What are some S/S?

A
  1. Protrusion of tissue through body wall
  2. -pain
    - red or blue skin
    - incarcerated

*can be serious medical emergency*

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12
Q

What are esophageal varices? What can it cause?

A
  1. Enlarged blood vessels in the esophagus that can rupture
  2. -Massive bright red bleeding
    - Shock
  3. *May have history of liver disease or ETOH (ethanol) abuse*
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13
Q

WHat is bowel obstruction? What are some causes? What are some S/S?

A
  1. A blockage of the bowel lumen prohibiting the passage of material
  2. a. history of recent abdominal surgery
    b. constipation
  3. a. colicky abdominal pain
    b. abdominal distention
    c. nasuea/vomiting
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14
Q

What is appendicitis? What are some S/S?

A
  1. Inflammation of the appendix
  2. -fever
    - anorexia
    - nausea/vomiting N/V
    - right lower quadrant RLQ pain
    - rebound tenderness
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15
Q

What is cholecystitis? What are some causes? S/S?

A
  1. Inflammation of the gallbladder
  2. a. gallstones
    b. recent ingestion of fatty food
  3. a. RUQ pain
    b. gradual onset
    c. not colicky pain
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16
Q

What are Kidney stones? Whata re some S/S?

A
  1. Calculi (mineral deposit) in the kidney
  2. -severe flank pain
    - maybe colicky
    - resltessness
    - N/V
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17
Q

What is a urinary tract infection? S/S?

A
  1. Bacterial infection in the urinary tract
  2. -Lower abdominal pain
    - pain and/or burning during urination
    - hematuria (blood in urine)
    - urgency and frequency
18
Q

What is pyelonephritis? S/S?

A
  1. Inflammartion of the kidney
  2. -flank pain
    - pain and/or burning during urination
    - hematuria
    - fever
19
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease? S/S?

A
  1. The inflammation of the female pelvic organs (STD)
  2. -dull RLQ or LLQ pain
    - abnormal vaginal discharge
    - N/V
    - fever
20
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy? S/S?

A
  1. Embryo ghestation outisde uterus
    - usually fallopian tubes
  2. -RLQ or LLQ pain
    - late last menstrual period LMP
    - may have vaginal bleeding
    - shock
21
Q

What is Peritonitis? S/S?

A
  1. Inflammation of the peritoneum
  2. -generalize abdominal pain
    - fever
    - rigid abdomen
    - N/V
    - Distention
22
Q

What is a dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm? S/S?

A
  1. Aneurysm develops between arterial layers
  2. -shearing/tearing abdominal pain
    - sudden onset
    - shock
    - unequal femoral pulses
23
Q

How do you assess acute abdomen and abdominal trauma? What are some S/S to look for?

A
  1. a.**OPQRST **
    - all pain is not the same
    b. SAMPLE or HAM
  2. a. N/V diarrhea
    b. anorexia
    c. fever
    d. weakness or syncope (fainting)
24
Q

What do you look for in the physical exam of acute abdomen?

A
  • Observe for distention
  • Palpate for TRPGR
  • Check all four quadrants
  • Start away from pain
25
Q

What does the acronym TRPGR, OPGRST, SAMPLE, and HAM stand for?

A
  1. TRPGR: Tenderness, Rigidity, Pulsating masses, Guarding, Rebound tenderness
  2. OPQRST: Onset, Provoked, Quality, Radiates, Severity (Scale), Time
  3. SAMPLE: Signs/Symptoms, Allergies, Medication, Past medical history, Last know intake, Event
  4. HAM: History, Allergies, Medications
26
Q

What should one consider when assessing females?

A
  1. Always consider gynecological problem with women having abdominal pain
  2. Pregant
  3. Last menstrual period LMP
  4. Prior gynecological problems
27
Q

What is the best treatment for acute abdomen?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Position of comfort
  • No oral fluids
  • Monitor vitals carefully
  • Transport
  • Treat for shock PRN
28
Q

What are definitions for Dialysis, shunts/fistulas, kidneys role in homeostasis, and hydrocholirc acid.

A
  1. Dialysis: is a process for removing waste and excess water from theblood, and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure
  2. Fistula: is an abnormal connection between an organ, vessel, or intestine and another structure
  3. Shunt: a hole or a small passage which moves, or allows movement of fluid from one part of the body to another
  4. Kindeys maintain homeostatis: releasing hormones to regulate blood pressure and through altering sodium and electrolyte balances to maintain proper fluid amounts in the body
  5. Hydrocholoric acid: or digestive juices
29
Q

What is classified as abdominal trauma?

A

Penetrating and blunt

30
Q

Which are the solid organs of the abdomen? And hollow?

A
  1. a. liver
    b. spleen
    c. kidneys
    d. pancrease
  2. 2. a. stomach
    b. intestines
    c. bladder
31
Q

What organs are in the RUQ?

A

Largely liver, gallbladder, tail of the pancreas, right kidney with adrenal gland

32
Q

What organs are in the LUQ?

A

Stomach, spleen, head of the pancreas, left kidney with adrenal gland

33
Q

What organs are in the RLQ?

A

Large/small intestines & ovary

34
Q

What organs are in the LLQ?

A

Large/small intestines & ovary

35
Q

What is a blunt or penetrating injury?

A
  1. Blunt: closed injury
  2. Penetrating: open injury
36
Q

What are the S/S of abdominal trauma?

A
  • Mechanism of injury
  • Pain (pain upon palpatation)
  • Tachycardia
  • Shock
  • Bruising
  • Distended or rigid abdomen
  • N/V
37
Q

How do you physically exam an abdominal trauma patient?

A
  • Determine type of injury
  • Observe for distention
  • Palpate (TRPGR)
  • CHeck all four quadrants
  • Start away from pain
38
Q

How do you treat all abdominal injuries?

A
  • High flow O2
  • Keep airway clear
  • Treat for shock PRN
  • No oral fluids
  • Rapid transport
  • Supine/shock
39
Q

How do you care for patients with penetrating injuries?

A
  • Check for exit wounds
  • Dry sterile dressing
  • Bulky dressing for impaled wounds
40
Q

What is abdominal evisceration? What should you not do? How do you care for it?

A
  1. Internal organs or fat protrude through the open wound
  2. Never try to replae organs
  3. -cover with moist gauze, then sterile dressing
    -keep organs warm and moist
    transport promptly
41
Q

What are the functions of the Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

A

Mouth: mechanically breaks down food; begins chemical breakdown with saliva

Esophagus: moves from mouth to the stomach; muscular and vascular system

Stomach: performs mechanical and chemical breakdown of food; food in, chyme out

Small intestine: major site for chemical breakdown of food; major __absorption of water, fats, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins

Large intestine: water absorption; formation of feces, bacterial digestion of food

Anus: last portion of large intestine ; sphincter to control release of feces

Liver: prodcution of pile, assissts with carbohydrate, and fat metabolism of nutrients within bloodstream; vitamin storage and manufacture; detoxification of blood; elimination of waste

Pancreas: exocrine; enzymes for protein, carbohydrate, and fat breakdown; endocrine: insulin and glucagon

Gallbladder: storage and bile

Emergency Medical Technology (22 decks)

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