musculoskeletal system anatomy Flashcards
2 parts of the skeletal system
-axial skeleton - bones of the head, neck and trunk
-appendicular skeleton - bones of the limbs
how many bones do humans have
206 bones
axial skeleton derived from which part of mesoderm
somites
appendicular skeleton derived from which part of mesoderm
lateral plate
2 types of tissue in skeletal system - what is cartilage
more flexible, semi-rigid, poorly supplied with oxygen and nutrients
2 types of tissue in skeletal system - what are bones
living tissue, rigid, some elasticity, have blood supply
-support and protection
-stores calcium, other minerals
bone is covered by
periosteum (fibrous connective tissue)
cartilage is covered by
perichondrium
bone covering (periosteum) and cartilage covering (perichondrium) - what do they do
- produces more bone or cartilage
- attachment of tendons and ligaments
3 layers of bone
- compact (outer layer)
- spongy - more central
- medullary cavity - bone marrow - yellow - fatty, red - blood cell forming
bones are …… - they receive blood supply from nutrient arteries and innervated
vascularised
bone covering (periosteum) is rich in …… nerves which detect pain, provides compact bone with blood - so you feel pain when breaking a bone
nociceptive nerves
majority of bones are … bones
long bones
….. bones are protective
flat bones eg. cranium
bones of the face are ….
irregular
bones that develop within tendons are
sesamoid bones
bone development - intramembranous ossification
outline of bone formed by membrane surrounding area of mesoderm, turns into bone tissue
bone development - endochondral ossification
more direct way - diaphysis (growing)
every bone has a different bone age, development varies depending on
nutritional status/diseases
2 types of cells regulate bone formation - osteoblasts
generate bone tissue, deposit calcium
2 types of cells regulate bone formation - osteoclasts
degrade bone tissue
when bone breaks, what is hematoma
blood vessels are disrupted, RBC and WBC released
most common joint
synovial joint - primary joints of movement, reinforced by ligaments
knee joint
fibrous joints
connective tissue fibres (roots of teeth)
suture in skull
cartilaginous joints
primary and secondary
joints have a rich …. supply
nerve
where are plane joints
between clavicle and scapula
what are hinge joints
rotation in 2 directions eg. elbow
where are ball and socket joints
femur at hip
skeletal muscle
-striated
-tubular
-multinucleated
-voluntary contraction
-attached to skeleton
smooth muscle
-non-striated
-spindle shaped
-uninucleated
-involuntary contraction regulated by autonomic NS
-covers wall of internal organs
cardiac muscle
-striated
-branched
-uninucleated
-involuntary contraction
-covers walls of heart only
proximal attachment of a muscle =
origin
distal attachment of a muscle =
insertion
types of contraction - reflexive -
breathing, knee jerk reflex
types of contraction - tonic -
constant except during sleep or under anaesthesia
types of contraction - phasic (2)
isotonic - muscle changes length
isometric - length is same but tonus increased above basic muscle tone
isotonic contraction - muscle changes length (2)
concentric - lifting a weight or eccentric - lowering of a weight
muscles can grow in response to activity (training) but cannot divide - they are replaced by …….
satellite cells
myopathies - inherited
spinal muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophies
myopathies - acquired
myasthenia gravis, motor neuron disease, poliomyelitis
motor neuron disease
what is hypertrophy
muscles can grow in response to activity (eg. training)
short bones are ….. in wrist and ankle
cuboidal
bone healing - fibroblasts secrete
collagen that forms the collar of a callus
hiltons law
nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles that move the joint
how many skeletal muscles do humans have
639
muscles are attached via …. to bone, cartilage, ligaments, organs
tendons
