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anatomy > imaging anatomy > Flashcards

imaging anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

invasive medical procedures

A

instruments or objects into body

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2
Q

invasive imaging

A

-contrast is introduced
-injection of radioactive isotopes (PET)
-probe inserted

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3
Q

X-ray - what type of radiation

A

high-energy EM radiation

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4
Q

X-rays - denser the tissue the more radiation is absorbed/scattered

A

absorbed

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5
Q

common uses of X-rays

A

chest X-rays and mammograms

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6
Q

advantages and disadvantages of clinical x rays

A

advantages - easy to use - does not require a lot of image processing, produces quick results, painless NON INVASIVE

disadvantage - must be limited due to harmful radiation

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7
Q

PA x ray vs AP x ray

A

PA X ray - minimal distance between organ/tissue of interest and plate and aligned

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8
Q

how are modern x rays better to earlier models

A

-safer
-digital radiography - greater resolution

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9
Q

most common way to screen for tumours in chest and visualise main vessels around the heart

A

lateral chest X ray

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10
Q

single contrast study to outline the structure better in X rays

A

add radiopaque material such as barium that coats the wall of the lumen, outlining the structure better

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11
Q

double-contrast study to expand the lumen

A

add a gas

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12
Q

technique called …. combines use of radiopaque material over time by acquiring several images or recorded in film. MORE/LESS invasive than plain X ray

A

fluoroscopy
MORE

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13
Q

computed tomography (CT)= computerised x ray imaging

A

sending an a narrow beam of X rays at the subject while the machine quickly rotates around the body, getting multiple images
-computer combines all cross-sectional images TO PRODUCE 3D image

-tissue densities more apparent, tumours easily identified

-but more costly, results take longer

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14
Q

advantages and disadvantages of CT

A

advantages - basic tumours, tumours, abnormalities identified compared to plain x ray, tissue densities more apparent

disadvantages - more costly, more operator training, results take longer due to processing times

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15
Q

positron emission tomography - PET - imaging technique in nuclear medicine

A

-uses radioactive isotope to visualise metabolic processes - blood flow/bone formation
-radioactive isotope attached to a drug that travels to the tissue.
-as drug decays it collides with an electron in the tissue releasing gamma rays (energy)

-picked up by gamma camera to produce 3D image

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16
Q

CT and PET both produce

A

3D images

17
Q

Positron Emission Tomography - scanner similar to CT - advantage and disadvantage:

A

-advantage - able to detect changes with time eg. tumour growth
-disadvantage - minimally INVASIVE as it requires an injection - costly

18
Q

combined CT-PET - techniques are combined to explore

A

higher resolution of CT with time-lapse of PET
-tumours are precisely located, more accurate diagnosis

19
Q

MRI derived from field of

A

NMR

20
Q

MRI - found that:

A

magnetic nuclei eg. H if placed in a magnetic field & irradiated with radio waves at a specific frequency would absorb that energy

-nuclei then released energy after radio waves stopped

-NON -INVASIVE

21
Q

2 forms of MRI which highlight specific tissues

A

T1 or T2 is chosen depending on what type of tissue the radiographer wishes to contrast more

22
Q

what imaging provides the highest resolution

A

MRI

23
Q

what imaging tool allows visualisation in real time

A

ultrasound - useful in diagnosis and management
-locating tissues
-sound beyond human hearing range

simplicity, portability and instant results

24
Q

angiography -

A

visualising luminal structures eg. blood vessels or hollow organs
-provide contrasted vessels in brain X-rays to detect conditions such as tumours, artery disease, or vessel malformations
-INVASIVE - accessing large superficial vessel

-X ray angiography
-CT angiography uses a contrast
-MR angiography - DOES NOT need contrast

25
Q

MRI advantages and disadvantages

A

advantage - non-invasive
disadvantage - requires considerable operator training and image processing, not suitable for all patients eg. dementia, claustrophobia

26
Q

angiography - accessing large

A

vessel - so a bit invasive
-CONTRAST - it absorbs the x rays
- x ray images can be single or motion

27
Q

what is fluoroscopy

A

contrast x ray
combines the use of radiopaque material over time
MORE INVASIVE

28
Q

which technique produces highest resolution

A

MRI

29
Q

what is digital subtraction angiography

A

substracts bones and other organs so that only vessels filled with contrast remain.
exception = heart - technique doesn’t work because tissues have to be motionless

30
Q

MRI details

A

must be more lower energy protons
excess protons produce MRI signals

pulse - increases high energy protons

2 equilibrium -
out of phase - T2
lower energy state - T1

anatomy (16 decks)

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